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Steam turbines can be classified according to the following criteria depending on their operation and design. By the action of steam: Impulse, Reaction, Impulse and reaction combined. The number of stages and pressure reduction involved: Single stage, Multi-stage, Whether there is one or more revolving vanes separated by stationary reversing vanes. The direction of steam flow: Axial, Radial, Mixed, Tangential, Helical, Re-entry The inlet steam pressure: High pressure, Medium pressure, Low pressure The final exit pressure or condenser temperature level: Cold Condensing, Warm Condensing / Backpressure, Non-condensing The source of steam: Extraction, Accumulator Impulse turbines rely on the kinetic energy of a fluid flow by changing the direction of a high velocity fluid flow resulting in an impulse to spin the turbine. The pressure head of the fluid is converted to velocity head before reaching the rotor blades by accelerating the fluid in a nozzle (stator blades). A reaction turbine utilizes also a certain pressure drop of the working fluid through the rotor blades, so that some of the acceleration of fluid happens also in the rotor thus generating reaction forces. Reaction turbines often achieve higher efficiencies and are more adapted to certain applications but need a higher number of stages for the same overall pressure drop. Modern turbine designs often incorporate both impulse and reaction stages to a varying degree whenever applicable. The major characteristics between the impulse and reaction type turbines can be summarized as shown in Figure 2.8 and Table 2.3 below. A typical application of a steam turbine to drive an electrical generator is shown in Figure 2.9. The high pressure steam entering the turbine undergoes expansion in usually three separately designed sections of the turbine i.e., high pressure, medium pressure and a low pressure turbine section respectively. 12PDF Image | waste heat recovery steam power system for ACE Embilipitiya
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