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Energies 2020, 13, 6446 6 of 26 2.3. Hot Water Production System Hot water is one of the key utilities in any industrial manufacturing process for a variety of applications, such as space heating, cleaning, showers, etc. The temperature requirements of hot water for the different types of applications are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Hot water temperatures for industrial applications. Unit Value Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW Industrial Processes 6 of 26 Parameters Domestic or Industrial Space Heating ◦ C 70–95 ◦ C 55–65 Dish washing and Laundry ◦ C 40–60 ◦ °C 70–95 Parameters Unit Value Industrial Processes Shower and Hand Wash C 40 Domestic or Industrial Space Heating ◦ Surgical Scrubbing C °C °C °C 55–65 43 40–60 40 Dish washing and Laundry Shower and Hand Wash ThewasteheatfromthebakSiunrggoicvaelnSccraunbbiengutilisedinde°cCentrali4s3edwaterheaterstoheatthe returning process waters. A schematic diagram of such a system is shown in Figure 4. Simulations of flowTsheewtamstoedhelastdfreovmelothpeebdaikninAgsopveenPclaunsbweeurteilicsoenddinucdtecdentotralnisaeldysweathteer shyesatemrs tpoehrfeoartmthaence. returning process waters. A schematic diagram of such a system is shown in Figure 4. Simulations of A counter-current heat exchanger was used to recover the waste heat in the oven exhaust. The overall flowsheet models developed in Aspen Plus were conducted to analyse the system performance. A effectiveness of the heat recovery system reheating process water is determined by Equation (3): counter-current heat exchanger was used to recover the waste heat in the oven exhaust. The overall . effectiveness of the heat recovery system reheating process water is determined by Equation (3): where b𝑄oiler gas saved is the rate of gas saving in a centralised hot water boiler system by offsetting the is the rate of gas saving in a centralised hot water boiler system by offsetting . hetahteinhgealotiandgbloyadthbeyrethcoevrecroabvelerawblaestweahseteathferaotmfrothmetohveeonv,eQn, 𝑄 . . Oven Exhaust Vent Oven Exhaust Water from process Hot Water to Process Oven Exhaust Duct n = Qboiler gas saved (3) (3) reheat process water ƞ = 𝑄 . . where Q 𝑄 Water returning from process Hot water entering process Fuel F-A Mixer FiFgiguurere44. .SScchematic of the heattiingrreetturrnnininggpprorocecsesswwataetreur suinsignogvoevneenxhexahuastu. st. 2.4. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Model Qexhaust exhaust Extractor Fan Air Baking Oven 2.4. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Model The ORC system works on the same principle as the steam Rankine cycle; however, it operates The ORC system works on the same principle as the steam Rankine cycle; however, it operates at comparatively lower source temperatures and uses organic fluids such as alkanes as the working at comparatively lower source temperatures and uses organic fluids such as alkanes as the working flufliudidinisntsetaedadofofwwaateterr[3[399]]..Theorganicfflluidshaaveeloloweerrbbooililnigngtetmempepreartautruesreasnadnhdighhigerhmeromleoculelcaurlar weights that create higher vapour pressures using low-grade heat (100–400 °C) and provide higher thermodynamic efficiencies than steam cycles [20]. The selection of organic fluid primarily depends on the operating temperatures and is very critical to the ORC performance. Many research activities on ORC have been carried out in the past to improve the performance by reducing complexity, selecting appropriate working fluid, improving system configuration, optimising operating Heat Exchange r conditions, etc. [40–45]. A two-loop Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (RORC), shown in Figure 5,PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Technologies for the Food Processing Industry
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