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Energies 2020, 13, 6256 6 of 19 For the primary heating network, the supply and return water temperature can be calculated by Equations (7) and (8), respectively. t po (t′po−t′pi)−(t′so−t′si) = [(t′po − t′pi)Qh + tsi]e ∆t′p (t′po−t′pi)−(t′so−t′si) e ∆t′p −1 t =t −(t′ −t′ )Q, pi po po pi h − tso , (7) (8) where ∆t′p represents the logarithmic mean temperature difference between the primary and secondary heating network water under the design work condition. = (t′po − t′so) − (t′pi − t′si), t′po−t′so ∆t′ 2.3.2. Load Characteristics of Heat Pump p ln t′pi−t′si t po, t pi, t so, and t si are usually determined during the design of the heating network. On the Energi′es 202′0, 13,′x FOR PEE′R REVIEW basis of Equations (7) and (8), the variation in the supply and return water temperature of the primary 7 of 21 heating network while the outlet water temperature of the heat pump remains constant. The heating network and the outlet water temperature of the heat pump with the outdoor temperature maximum heating load of the heat pump could only be reached at point Y in Figure 4. are presented in Figure 3, where the temperature of supply and return water and the temperature difference between them gradually decrease with the increase in the outdoor temperature. Figure 3. The temperatures of the supply water and return water vs. the outdoor temperature. Figure 3. The temperatures of the supply water and return water vs. the outdoor temperature. According to different application scenarios, various types of absorption heat pumps can be selected. In the waste heat recovery system, for the lithium bromide absorption heat pump which is widely used, its outlet water temperature is usually less than a specific value. When the outdoor temperature decreases, the supply water temperature of the heating network must be increased. However, when the supply water temperature is greater than the maximum outlet water temperature of the heat pump, the heat pump cannot satisfy the heating demand, such that the heater of the heating network must be put to use, as shown in Figure 1a. When the outdoor temperature is lower than a specific value, the actual heating load of the heat pump with a fixed design power decreases with the decrease in the outdoor temperature. This is because the decrease in the outdoor temperature will increase the return water temperature of the heating network while the outlet water temperature of the heat pump remains constant. The maximum heating load of the heat pump could only be reached at point Y in Figure 4. Figure 4. The relationship between the heating load and the outdoor temperature. In an actual absorption heating system, if heat pumps with various design powers are used, thePDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery Turbine Exhaust Steam Heat Pump
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