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550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 Water Toluene R-245fa R-123 Benzene Pxylene Ethanol R-236ea R-245ca 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Exhaust Gas Temperature (°C) Figure 8. Maximum pressure in the ORC when thermal efficiency is optimized. As explained in section 3.2, pressure limits have been imposed on the ORC. From Figure 7, we can see that all working fluids reach the upper pressure limit as the exhaust temperature goes up. Comparing to Figure 5, we can see that the upper pressure limit actually prevents the thermal efficiency from further increasing. However, the pressure limit does not “cap” the work in Figure 6. These two observations lead to a conclusion that the increase in the heat taken out of the exhaust gas outruns the increase in the work so that the thermal efficiency drops as the fluid reaches the pressure limit. In another word, the pressure limit essentially limits the temperature at the pinch point in the evaporator (state 3 on Figure 3), and thus limits the exhaust gas temperature at the pinch point (state 8 on Figure 3) since 𝑇! = 𝑇! + ΔT!!!. While T8 (Figure 3) is limited, T9 (Figure 3) is increasing along the horizontal axis. This gives a steeper exhaust gas temperature profile across the evaporator (temperature difference between states 3 and 5 on Figure 3 also becomes larger), and thus poor thermal efficiency of the cycle. In short, the work is unaffected by the maximum pressure limit, but the heat taken out of the exhaust gas is affected by the limit, which makes the efficiency also affected by the limit. From Figure 8, we can observe that five working fluids (those non-refrigerants) are right on the lower pressure limit. This implies that these working fluids prefer a lower limit so that they can have better thermal efficiency. This aspect will be further investigated in the sensitivity study. Pressure limits have already been imposed on the system, thus the pressures in the system are generally feasible. Figure 7 and 8 can be used to design the turbine and the condenser, since the two figures give the pressure profiles when the efficiency is optimized. 17 Minimum Pressure in the ORC (kPa)PDF Image | Working Fluid Selections in Organic Rankine Cycle ICE
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