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We have assumed a unit mass flow rate of the exhaust gas (1 kg/s). From Figure 9, the mass flow rates of all working fluids are very small compared to a unit mass flow rate. This indicates that the size of the ORC is likely to be suitable for a vehicle. However, the mass flow rate of the coolant air in the condenser is large according to Figure 10. Although the condenser can be open to the environment so that the air flow is not constrained by pipes or hoses, the large mass flow rate is still worth attention. 4.4. Summary I have examined the thermal efficiency, work produced, pressure profiles, and mass flow rates for the nine working fluid candidates in the ORC with changing exhaust gas temperature. I found that refrigerants provide high efficiency at lower temperature range (80-180 °C). R-123 showed the highest thermal efficiency and work produced within this temperature range for the particular assumptions and limitations stated in section 3.2. It is worth noticing that R-123 is being phased out due to environmental concerns discussed in section 2.2.3. Ethanol and benzene show better performance at middle temperature range (180-280 °C). Depending on the specific temperature range and the need of efficiency or work to be optimized, either ethanol or benzene can be chosen as discussed in section 4.1. However, ethanol is a slightly wet fluid, which may require the addition of a superheater in the cycle according to [3]. Water is still the best working fluid at higher temperature range (above 280 °C). This is also confirmed by literature [20], since it states that organic fluids are usually used below 300 °C heat source temperature. The use of water should require substantial superheating as common industrial practice [17]. 5. SENSITIVITY STUDY As discussed in section 3.2, the various assumptions and limitations made are subject to a sensitivity study to further understand the cycle performance. In particular, we are interested in how the changes of maximum pressure limit, minimum pressure limit, isentropic efficiencies, and condensing temperature influence the cycle performance. We have used changing exhaust temperature as the heat source temperature and constant temperature difference between the working fluid temperature and exhaust temperature in the evaporator, thus turbine inlet temperature variations can be directly observed on the plots (It is exhaust temperature minus the assumed temperature difference) and was not studied in this sensitivity study. Further, the evaporator temperature difference assumption, which reflects the heat exchanger efficiencies, was not studied because the variations of it can also be observed on the plots (e.g. 10 °C temperature difference and 200 °C exhaust temperature gives the same data as 8 °C temperature difference and 198 °C exhaust temperature). Toluene and Pxylene are removed for clarity. The original data for some working fluids are added for comparison. 19PDF Image | Working Fluid Selections in Organic Rankine Cycle ICE
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