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82 Page 4 of 13 strong interactions between the AC matrix and the infused I2 (see Fig. S2e, pay attention that the I2 transformed from crystalline into amorphous after loading into the AC matrix). Above 300 °C, the 8.94% weight loss between 310 and 500 °C can be attributed to the decomposition of PVDF [43]. We also prepared pure AC cathodes following the same prepara- tion process, in order to determine the capacity contribution from the AC component. 2.1.4 Zn||Zn Symmetrical Cell Assembly Bare- and Zeolite-Zn foils (50 μm in thickness) were firstly cut into Φ16 mm discs. Then, two Zn discs (bare- or Zeolite- Zn) were separated by a glass fiber paper (Φ = 19 mm) thor- oughly wetted by 1 M ZnSO4 electrolyte, and then packed into a 2032-type button cell. To standardize the measure- ment, a fixed amount (120 μL) of electrolyte was used in each coin cell. All batteries were assembled in ambient air atmosphere. 2.1.5 Zn||I2 Battery Assembly The Zn||I2 batteries were assembled with the GP-supporting I2@AC discs as cathodes, glass fiber papers as separators, and Zeolite-Zn (or bare-Zn) discs as anodes, in a form of CR2032 coin cell. The assembling processes were com- pleted in ambient air atmosphere, with a 1 M ZnSO4 aque- ous electrolyte. 2.2 Material Characterization X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was carried out on a D/ max-2500/PC X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm). The surface morphology and element mapping of the samples were characterized by a JEOL JSM- 7610F field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDS). The electrolyte/anode contact angles were measured by an opti- cal contact angle and interface tension meter (CA, CA100C, Innuo, China) at room temperature in air, and a 10 μL drop- let of 1 M ZnSO4 electrolyte was used in the experiment. Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) was carried out on a Shi- madzu TGA-60 analyzer, within 30–700 °C in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere (100 mL min−1). In this test, the heating rate is fixed to 10 °C min−1. The UV absorption spectra of Nano-Micro Lett. (2022) 14:82 different electrolytes were measured on a Persee TU-1810 UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface areas of the AC and I2@AC powders were determined by N2 sorption method on an ASAP 2460 physical adsorption analyzer (Micromeritics, America) at 77.3 K. Before BET testing, the samples were outgassed in a vacuum at 120 °C for 2 h. The pore size distributions were derived from the adsorption branch using the Barrett-Joyner- Halenda (BJH) model. 2.3 Electrochemical Measurements Galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), Coulombic effi- ciency (CE) and rate capability tests of all cells were per- formed on a LAND-CT2001A battery-testing instrument. The Zn||Zn symmetrical cells were GCD cycled at a current density of 2.5 mA cm−2 with an areal capacity of 2.5 and 10 mAh cm−2 (corresponding to 10 and 40% depth of dis- charge, DOD, respectively). Bare-Zn||bare-Cu and Zeolite- Zn||Zeolite-Cu cells were also assembled to explore the influ- ence of the zeolite-based coating on Coulombic efficiency (CE, the ratio of Zn stripping capacity to plating capacity). The Zn||I2 battery was cycled in a GCD manner between 0.5 and 1.6 V at either 0.2 or 2 A g−1 (1C=211 mAh g−1). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spec- troscopy (EIS), potentiostatic polarization and Tafel curves were collected on a CHI-660E electrochemical worksta- tion in a two-electrode configuration. The EIS spectra were collected within a frequency range of 10–2–106 Hz under a bias of 10 mV (vs. Zn/Zn2+). To determine the specific ionic conductivity contributed by Zn2+ ion, a potentiostatic polarization method was utilized with a 10 mV bias applied to Zeolite-Zn/Zeolite-Zn and Zn/Zn symmetric cells. In the Tafel test, a Zn foil was used as the working electrode, while another Zn foil as the counter/reference electrode. 2.4 Computational Methods The positions occupied by atoms in the crystal structure of the substances in this study were generated by the Super- cell Program [44]. For fractional occupation as well as fractional occupation structures, the ten structures with the lowest Coulomb energy were obtained by random sampling and Coulomb energy calculation. And the substances were screened using the original cell structure; the experimentally © The authors https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00825-5PDF Image | Boosting Zn Battery by Coating a Zeolite‐Based Cation‐Exchange
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