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Materials Today Nano 7 (2019) 100044 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Today Nano journal homepage: https://www.evise.com/profile/#/MTNANO/login Recent advances in the selective membrane for aqueous redox flow batteries J. Sheng a, A. Mukhopadhyay a, W. Wang b, H. Zhu a, * a Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States b Rogers CorporationInnovation Center, 141 South Bedford Street, Burlington, MA 01803, United States articleinfo Article history: Received 21 April 2019 Received in revised form 19 June 2019 Accepted 19 June 2019 Available online 24 June 2019 Keywords: Flow battery membrane Aqueous system Ion exchange Proton conductivity Crossover Chemical stability 1. Introduction In recent years, energy and environmental problems have been challenging people all the time, requiring urgent exploitation and utilization of clean energy [1]. However, most categories of clean energy supply, such as solar energy, wind energy, and tidal energy, are discontinuous so that peak load shaving is needed to be implemented by large-scale energy storage devices [2,3]. Among several energy storage technologies, low energy density in super- capacitors, short cycling life in lead-acid cells, poor security in sodium-sulfur cells, and high cost in lithium-ion batteries limited their applications for large-scale energy storage [4,5]. In the redox flow battery (RFB), the energy-carrying redox- active materials are stored in two separate external tanks and are pumped to the cell stack during its operation [6]. The cell itself consists of two sets of porous carbon electrodes separated by a membrane. The electrodes provide the active sites to facilitate the redox reaction of the electrolytes but do not participate in the redox reaction. The unique mechanism of RFBs enables disintegration of * Corresponding author. E-mail address: h.zhu@neu.edu (H. Zhu). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2019.100044 2588-8420/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. abstract Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have gained intensive attention and are regarded as the ideal choice for large-scale energy storage owing to their attractive features such as excellent electrochemical revers- ibility, long life, high efficiency, and decoupling of energy and power density. Ion-exchange membranes in the flow battery act as a physical barrier to separate the positive and negative half-cell and allow migration of charge-balancing ions from one side to the other to complete the internal circuit of the cell. Certainly, the overall performance of the RFBs heavily depends on the properties of the ion-exchange membranes. To prevent power loss and minimize the crossover of the active species, it is essential for the ion-selective membrane to acquire high ionic conductivity to ensure low area specific resistance and high selectivity. This review summarizes recent research advances on improvement methods to enhance the selectivity of membranes in RFBs, mainly including the modifications on the pore size, hydrophilicity, and some other aspects. The relationship between performances and structures of these membranes is analyzed, and the advantages and limitations are discussed. Based on the recent advances, corresponding perspectives on future development in this field are also discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. the energy and power, allowing them to scale independently from one another and enabling flexible design, extremely long lifetime, extensive scalability, and safety [7,8]. Therefore, RFBs are regarded as the most promising choice as they can improve the efficiency of the existing grid infrastructure by providing safe and cost-effective stationary storage at an acceptable cost together with a long life. In recent decades, several systems of inorganic redox chemis- tries, such as bromine/polysulfide [9], all-vanadium [10e12], va- nadium/bromine [13e15], zinc/polyhalide [16e18], zinc/nickel [19,20], zinc/iodine [21], vanadium/cerium [22], vanadium/man- ganese [23], cobalt/vanadium [24], all-iron [25], lead/acid [26], hydrogen/bromine [27], and polysulfide/polyiodide [28], have been considered as the active materials for traditional and hybrid RFBs. Among these available redox chemistries, the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is by far the most studied and most commer- cialized redox chemistry owing to its long life [10e12]. However, despite this remarkable success of RFBs as a viable technology for large-scale energy storage, the extensive utilization of the RFBs has been hindered by the high cost of the commonly used proton- exchange membrane [29]. The membrane in RFBs not only separates the positive and negative electrolytes to avoid short circuit but also conduct ions to realize the current loop, which plays a decisive role in coulombicPDF Image | membrane for aqueous redox flow batteries
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