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Figure 3.2. Illustration of the nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process. Reprinted with the permission of [64]. The control over polymer concentration, solvents and nonsolvents types, and the interaction between both allows tailoring membrane morphology finely [62]. Moreover, and similarly to the TIPS technique, ternary system (polymer, solvent, and non-solvent) phase diagrams are a helpful tool to predict the polymer crystallisation process [65]. A significant drawback of TIPS and NIPS techniques are the environmental problems caused by the extensive use of toxic solvents [53]. Therefore, green solvents such as Citroflex A4 and TEGDA (trie- thylene glycol diacetate) are under active research as a way to replace the toxic ones [66, 67]. 3.3 Particulate leaching Particulate leaching is one of the simplest and low-cost techniques to produce porous structures. The technique involves an initial dissolution of the polymer in an organic solvent. Afterwards, particles (e.g. water-soluble salts), also called porogen, with specific sizes are incorporated in the polymer solution. The solution is then transferred into a mould (e.g. petri dish) that will dictate the shape of the membrane. Subsequently, the solvent can be alternatively removed trough evaporation or lyophilisation leaving the particles leached in the polymer 8PDF Image | Synthetic Polymer-based Membrane for Lithium Ion
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