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2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS radiation’s wavelength. This diffraction condition formulated by William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, called therefore the Braggs’ law, is written as nλ = 2d sin θ. (2.1) where interplanar distance d and incident angle θ of X-ray radiation λ are related as depicted in figure 2.1. Figure 2.1: Diffraction of X-rays by a perfect crystal. - As featured in (19) p.84. Although scattering event can occur in virtually any material, it is very strong only in the ones that are crystalline. In non-crystalline materials the d parameter is not constant, thus the requirements for constructive interference are not met. 2.1.1 X-ray diffraction on bulk materials Bulk materials are characterized in 3 dimensions, however, our explanation on the X-ray diffraction topic shows an only 2-dimensional picture. In practice, bulk crystals have many diffraction planes depending on their orientation relative to the X-ray beam. Those planes are directly related to the crystal’s symmetry group and for this reason it is crucial to observe diffraction patterns from many angles. By collecting diffraction patterns from all crystal orientations one can reconstruct the reciprocal lattice of the crystal. The reciprocal lattice is an inversion of the real lattice, and thus by Fourier transform a real lattice of a crystal can be ob- tained. This requires to collect 2D diffraction patterns for a number of crystal orientations and yields bond distances and symmetry information as well as the 36PDF Image | Investigation of metal-insulator transition in magnetron sputtered samarium nickelate thin films
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