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2.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Figure 2.6: XPS survey spectrum of SmNiO3 - The main photoelectron emission lines, Auger series are evidenced as well as the shake-up satellites in the nickel 2p spectrum as shown in the inset. positive potential of a core hole created in the primary process influences the behaviour of surrounding electrons. The electrons try to relax in the intra- or extra-atomic mode depending on the origin of the electrons. The relaxation pro- cesses are visible in the form of satellite peaks, which arise from a photoelectron with slightly lower kinetic energy, therefore higher binding energy and appear as peaks at the higher BE side of the mainline. The satellites may come from shake- up or shake-off processes, or plasmon losses. The photoionized electron interacts with one of the bound electrons and excites it to higher state. Shake-up satellites arise when the bound electron is excited to a higher unoccupied state. Shake-off satellites appear when the electron obtains enough energy to leave the ion into the vacuum. A collective excitation of valence electrons, namely a plasmon, oc- curs either during the propagation of energetic photoelectron through the solid (extrinsic plasmon) or as a response to the formation of a core hole. As plasmon is an oscillation quantized in terms of energy, the plasmon loss peaks are shifted towards higher BE by by n(ωp) + m(ωs), where n, m are integers, being a sum of energies of bulk and surface plasmons. More sophisticated use of XPS is related to the fact that electrons feel the en- vironment and react to it. This phenomenon is called a chemical shift and means 45PDF Image | Investigation of metal-insulator transition in magnetron sputtered samarium nickelate thin films
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