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2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Figure 2.7: Shake-up and shake-off satellites. - they originate from an abrupt change in the Coulomb potential as the photo-electron travels through the valence band. that simply put, the binding energy of an electron may shift depending on the chemical surrounding of the atom/ion it originates from. In that way, an assess- ment of energy of chemical bonds is made. In XPS the energy of radiation is high enough to probe both valence and deep core electronic states. Whereas in UPS (Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy), an associate technique, the ultraviolet radiation is only sufficient to pump/probe the electrons from valence levels down to about 20-40 eV binding energy. Also because of increased energy resolution, UPS offers much more detailed analysis of valence levels than XPS. In rare-earth nickelates the nickel - oxygen bond is important in view of their metal-insulator transition. They are the elements of which Ni2p and O1s elec- tronic levels may overlap and enable transition of electrons above the Fermi level. Possible variation of electronic levels of nickel and oxygen at the transition tem- perature is important to investigate. Nickel and oxygen atoms in crystal lattice are arranged in octahedra with four oxygen atoms in nickel plane and two atoms perpendicular to that plane. This configuration leads to the formation of a min- imum of two different bond lengths. While monoclinically distorted, the nickel atoms occupy different positions in crystallographic lattice and ”hold” various charge on each site. The XPS study of nickel electronic structure involves mainly investigation of Ni2p line which in nickelates has many features that complicate the analysis. The investigation of the electronic structure of nickel is not a straightforward 46PDF Image | Investigation of metal-insulator transition in magnetron sputtered samarium nickelate thin films
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