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inventions Technical Note An Ethereum Blockchain-Based Prototype for Data Security of Regulated Electricity Market Aasim Ullah 1,* , S M Shahnewaz Siddiquee 2, Md Akbar Hossain 3 and Sayan Kumar Ray 3 1 2 School Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand Department of Energy Engineering, University College Cork, College Rd, T12HY8E Cork, Ireland; 119222676@umail.ucc.ie 3 akbar.hossain@manukau.ac.nz (M.A.H.); sayan.ray@manukau.ac.nz (S.K.R.) * Correspondence: aasim@kth.se; Tel.: +64-22439370 Received: 22 September 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 27 November 2020 School of Digital Technologies, Manukau Institute of Technology, Manukau 92068, New Zealand; Abstract: Data security of present-day power systems, such as the electricity market, has spurred global interest in both industry and academia. The electricity market can either be regulated (state-controlled entrance, policies, and pricing) or deregulated (open for competitors). While the security threats in a deregulated electricity market are commonly known and have been investigated for years, those in a regulated market still have scope for extensive research. Our current work focuses on exploring the data security of the regulated electricity market, and the regulated New Zealand Electricity Market (NZEM) has been considered for this research. Although the chances of cyberattacks on state-controlled regulated electricity market are relatively less, different layers of the current SCADA systems do pose some threats. In this context, we propose a decentralized Ethereum Blockchain-based end-to-end security prototype for a regulated electricity market such as the NZEM. This prototype aims to enhance data security between the different layers of the current SCADA systems. The detailed operation process and features of this prototype are presented in this work. The proposed prototype has prospects of offering improved data security solutions for the regulated electricity market. Keywords: SCADA; blockchain; Ethereum; security; electricity market 1. Introduction The worldwide demand for electricity is expected to rise by 1.3% per year until 2040, primarily due to the effect of globalization [1]. This surge in demand has led to the interconnection of a wide range of distributed energy resources and electricity infrastructures, which are primarily the different electricity generation sites and the distribution channels. This inter-connectivity is commonly known as the Internet of Energy (IoE). The data generated from the various elements of IoE need to be managed securely as they are subject to hacking and cyberattacks, which include jamming, false data injection, and distributed denial-of-service attacks [2]. For example, a cyberattack on the U.S. grid in Western US created periodic blind spots at a grid control center and several small power generation sites for about 10 h on 5 March 2019. Contemporary power systems encountered remarkable advancement of data security in recent years. Contrary to traditional power systems, the NZEM is yet to adopt the advancement. One of the reasons is governing administration issues about company fixed revenues for line companies. There are distributed generation and several regional power suppliers in NZEM. Data security of the suppliers is an important term for any power market, and NZME is not an exception. Inventions 2020, 5, 58; doi:10.3390/inventions5040058 www.mdpi.com/journal/inventionsPDF Image | Ethereum Blockchain-Based Prototype for Data Security
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