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Inventions 2020, 5, 58 2 of 14 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are an integral part of the physical infrastructure of NZEM that monitors and stores real-time data of the grid network. A SCADA system is generally composed of a centralized control module and associated field level devices, i.e., sensors and actuators. The control module of SCADA provides a decision support platform that performs the related control task of the system. Given the dynamics of the SCADA system, the key features that make the SCADA system more susceptible to cyberattacks lie within its architecture and standard communication protocols. In many cases, the SCADA system adopts standardized technologies without enhancing the default security protocols. This practice can allow malicious agents to take over the SCADA system easily by exploiting the known vulnerabilities of the default security protocols. Subsequently, the usage of an unsecured network to connect multiple control modules also makes the system open for malicious attacks. Recently, most of the technical information about the specific SCADA control modules have been widely available as open-source content. This information, however, can be used to compromise the security of the entire SCADA system. Currently, there are many methods in place to reinforce SCADA network security that range from improved authentication for the user for access control, better firewalls, and intrusion detection system, protocol vulnerability assessment, and improved security for the connected devices and platforms operating system. However, all the typical vulnerabilities are still being exploited by the adversaries utilizing improved malicious agents and approaches. An example of a cyberattack aiming at SCADA system vulnerabilities in recent years was the Ukrainian power outage in 2015. Blockchain technology, equipped with the key features of digital, chronological, time-stamped, distributed ledger, consensus-based, and cryptographically sealed, is considered as a potential tool to provide the data security of the electricity market. The smart contract in blockchain can be used not only to enhance the speed and security of a smart grid [3] but also to prevent the retroactive alteration of data. Blockchain technology has immense prospects in better and secured streamlining of management of SCADA data transactions and peer-to-peer data transactions. The prospect of implementing blockchain technology for a regulated electricity market is investigated in this paper, and a decentralized end-to-end Ethereum Blockchain prototype is proposed to enhance the data security between the different layers of the current SCADA systems used in regulated electricity market like NZEM. In comparison to other existing blockchain protocols, Ethereum has more durability, which implies that it has reduced possibility of becoming obsolete since it stores data immutably. Its decentralized and distributed peer-to-peer data transaction is unique compared to other existing cryptocurrencies. Moreover, Ethereum’s smart contracts feature eradicates the demand for a third-party payment system. Moreover, it provides users with a platform and programming language for building the applications. Therefore, in this work we have considered the Ethereum blockchain to address the following major research inquiries for a regulated market using SCADA system: (1) How can blockchain smart contracts support the state-owned regulated market? (2) How can blockchain safe-guard grid data for the communication level of the SCADA system which is sensitive to cyber-threat? (3) What are the prospective privacy and safety regulation for applying blockchain to NZEM? The remaining paper is structured as follows. While Section 2 presents a review of the data security in power systems, the current status of data security in regulated and deregulated electricity markets is presented in Section 3. Section 4 discusses the decentralized Ethereum blockchain-based end-to-end data security prototype, and the paper concludes in Section 5. 2. A Review of Data Security in Power System and introduction of Blockchain Data security in power system offers new prospects to maximize the energy performance of the power market. It provides the efficiency, and security for the fundamental detailed facilities of energy suppliers [4]. Modern cyber-security systems for power systems have turned complex and the cyberattacks are becoming smarter every day. The profound incorporation of cyberattacks can deliver false information to the control management facility team and eventually can result in system disorder,PDF Image | Ethereum Blockchain-Based Prototype for Data Security
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