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Inventions 2020, 5, 58 3 of 14 fiscal impairment, or critical consequences such as long hour’s blackouts. A current severe example of cyberattack was the 2015 Ukraine blackout [5]. False data injection attack refers to the manipulation of system data to trick away the control center without the flag service [6]. There are several studies [5,7] that exhibit the effect of False Data Injection Attacks (FDIA) on the modern grid system. However, in reality, grid security can be compromised not only by FDIAs but also by other forms of cyberattack namely denial of service (Dos), cyber topology attacks and data framing attacks [8,9]. Hence it is very essential to ensure the integrity and consistency of data to make the grid more secure and reliable. Several strategies have been suggested to identify and prevent cyberattacks depending on traditional centralized data communication and storage process [10]. Moreover, currently existing communication and measured meter data storage mechanisms are not fully protected against a cyberattacks. In some cases, even if the meters have been upgraded to PMU (phase measurement systems), they are still vulnerable to cyber-threats due to their dependency on global positioning system. Enhancing the self-defensive capabilities of modern power systems against cyberattacks requires the adoption of state-of-the-art innovations in distributed system security technologies. In this regard a modern distributed power system can be viewed as distributed advanced measurement infrastructure that includes distributed data acquisition, data monitoring, and storage on both grid side and demand side [11]. First, introduced in 2008, blockchain is designed to facilitate peer to peer electronic transactions directly without the involvement of a third party [12]. In blockchain, each peer works as a node to form a distributed network where they participate in estimating the solution to a hash-based mathematical problem to ensure the integrity of the transaction. Each time when a transaction is made, it is encapsulated in a block and added to the blockchain framework. The recorded block contents are called as ledgers, and all the information is updated synchronously to the entire network so that the record of the ledger is kept by each peer in the network. Since the advent of blockchain, technology has been mostly focused on the financial domain in the form of maintaining virtual currency, cross border payments and settlements, security issuance, and payments. The most prominent application of blockchain technology is the Bitcoin system, a cryptocurrency framework which maintains a global distributed ledger for peer to peer transaction. Following the Bitcoin system, some companies, such as Etherium, Coinbase, Ripple, Chain, Circle, etc., have been set up in recent years. Among other works, the blockchain swarm system by Ferrer [13] and Sharples and Domingue [14] is mentionable and has good prospects to be implemented for power systems. Recently, there has been a shift observed in the energy market towards a distributed market structure [15] with increased number of prosumers and increase volume of data. In a centralized market structure, storing this large volume of data has higher costs, and the risk of compromising all data is very high under any cyberattack. It is also difficult for the market entity to access the previous data if they are stored in one organization under a centralized market. Hence, transparency issues also arise for the market operators. Addressing this problem, many authors have provided different techniques on adopting blockchain technology in the energy market to ensure better data security and market operation. In [16], a distributed blockchain based protection framework has been proposed to improve the data security by resisting external network attacks in a modern power system. This proposed framework utilizes distributed security features of the blockchain system and uses smart energy meter as node to keep the recorded power data with a distributed ledger which ensures the integrity and consistency of the data. In [17], a sovereign blockchain based smart grid management system is being proposed to protect the data of the consumers for ensuring the transparency and integrity of the data. It also protects the data from tampering under any cyberattack. This proposed system uses smart contacts to detect the grid operation and identify any malicious agents in the system. In [18] a distributed blockchain based power market trading platform is proposed to provide P2P secured transactions. In this blockchain based P2P transaction model, all the participating nodes andPDF Image | Ethereum Blockchain-Based Prototype for Data Security
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