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THE ILLICIT CRYPTOCURRENCY MINING THREAT networks to track transactions, share information, maintain records, or uphold smart contracts. Blockchains are theoretically immutable — past records on the blockchain cannot be altered easily. In most cases, this theoretical immutability of the blockchain is enhanced as the size of the network increases. However, not every enterprise-level blockchain system will be a largescale blockchain network. This opens the door for 51 percent attacks and other forms of manipulation. A 51 percent attack occurs when someone obtains a node or group of nodes that control 51 percent of the hashing power of a blockchain, allowing them to prevent new transactions on the blockchain or alter previous records. A successful attack of this kind on a blockchain could have devastating consequences, depending on what the enterprise blockchain is being used for. As blockchain applications increase in use, organizations must be cognizant of the associated risks that come with them and find ways to build security into their blockchains. Illicit cryptocurrency miners may also identify new types of attacks or disruptions that relate to the theft of CPU or GPU processing. For example, they could gain access to endpoints to steal processing power to decrypt files. CTA and its members will continue to monitor for evolving malicious cyber activity. WILL NATION STATE ACTORS LEVERAGE ILLICIT CRYPTOCURRENCY MINING? CTA assesses that nation-state actors, especially those that are currently under economic sanctions, may begin to leverage illicit cryptocurrency mining to gain revenue. As far as we know, nation states have not yet leveraged illicit cryptocurrency mining, but there is nothing stopping them from doing so. In the past, the North Korean government has been accused of counterfeiting U.S. $100 bills48, stealing funds from banks by hacking SWIFT communications49, conducting ransomware attacks to obtain revenue in the face of economic sanctions50, and stealing cryptocurrencies from South Korean exchanges51. There’s little reason to believe that they would not conduct illicit cryptocurrency mining as another way to raise funds. We expect that other nation states, such as Iran or Russia, may leverage illicit cryptocurrency mining for the same reasons. CTA also assesses that nation states will continue to use, and likely increase their use of, cryptocurrencies to fund and provide anonymity to their cyber operations. The July 13, 2018, Department of Justice Indictment52 of Russian Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff (GRU) actors provides us with an example. GRU actors set up mining operations to obtain Bitcoin, which were used to purchase virtual private network (VPN) accounts, servers, and domain registrations. The indictment notes that Bitcoin was used for its perceived anonymity “to avoid direct relationships with traditional financial institutions, allowing [the actors] to evade greater scrutiny of their identities and sources of funds.” The indictment does not accuse the GRU actors of illicit cryptocurrency mining, but instead accuses them of using legitimately mined Bitcoin for the purposes of obfuscating their cyber operations around the 2016 elections. CTA expects that sophisticated actors and nation states will continue to leverage cryptocurrencies to fund and support their illicit operations because of their perceived anonymity. It’s not unreasonable to think they will eventually use illicit cryptocurrency mining as a source of cryptocurrency for these operations. 48 https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/magazine/23counterfeit.html 49 https://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/swift-attackers-malware-linked-more-financial-attacks 50 http://fortune.com/2017/12/18/wannacry-cyber-attack-north-korea/ 51 https://www.businessinsider.com/north-korea-allegedly-stole-bitcoin-from-south-korea-2017-4 52 https://www.justice.gov/file/1080281/download 23PDF Image | ILLICIT CRYPTOCURRENCY MINING THREAT
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