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in most bitcoin applications the source code will refer to the unlocking script as “script‐ Sig”. Every bitcoin client will validate transactions by executing the locking and unlocking scripts together. For each input in the transaction, the validation software will first re‐ trieve the UTXO referenced by the input. That UTXO contains a locking script defining the conditions required to spend it. The validation software will then take the unlocking script contained in the input that is attempting to spend this UTXO and execute the two scripts. In the original bitcoin client, the unlocking and locking scripts were concatenated and executed in sequence. For security reasons, this was changed in 2010, because of a vul‐ nerability that allowed a malformed unlocking script to push data onto the stack and corrupt the locking script. In the current implementation the scripts are executed sep‐ arately with the stack transferred between the two executions, as described below. First, the unlocking script is executed, using the stack execution engine. If the unlocking script executed without errors (e.g it has no “dangling” operators leftover), the main stack (not the alternate stack) is copied and the locking script is executed. If the result of executing the locking script with the stack data copied from the unlocking script is “TRUE”, the unlocking script has succeeded in resolving the conditions imposed by the locking script and therefore the input is a valid authorization to spend the UTXO. If any result other than “TRUE” remains after execution of the combined script, the input is invalid as it has failed to satisfy the spending conditions placed on the UTXO. Note that the UTXO is permanently recorded in the blockchain, and therefore is invariable and is unaffected by failed attempts to spend it by reference in a new transaction. Only a valid transaction that correctly satisfies the conditions of the UTXO results in the UTXO being marked as “spent” and removed from the set of available (unspent) UTXO. Below is an example of the unlocking and locking scripts for the most common type of bitcoin transaction (a payment to a public key hash), showing the combined script resulting from the concatenation of the unlocking and locking scripts prior to script validation: Figure 5-1. Combining scriptSig and scriptPubKey to evaluate a transaction script 124 | Chapter 5: TransactionsPDF Image | Mastering Bitcoin
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