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Scripting Language The bitcoin transaction script language, also named confusingly Script, is a Forth-like reverse-polish notation stack-based execution language. If that sounds like gibberish, you probably haven’t studied 1960’s programming languages. Script is a very simple, lightweight language that was designed to be limited in scope and executable on a range of hardware, perhaps as simple as an embedded device, like a handheld calculator. It requires minimal processing and cannot do many of the fancy things modern pro‐ gramming languages can do. In the case of programmable money, that is a deliberate security feature. Bitcoin’s scripting language is called a stack-based language because it uses a data struc‐ ture called a stack. A stack is a very simple data structure, which can be visualized as a stack of cards. A stack allows two operations: push and pop. Push adds an item on top of the stack. Pop removes the top item from the stack. The scripting language executes the script by processing each item from left to right. Numbers (data constants) are pushed onto the stack. Operators push or pop one or more parameters from the stack, act on them, and may push a result onto the stack. For example, OP_ADD will pop two items from the stack, add them and push the resulting sum onto the stack. Conditional operators evaluate a condition producing a boolean result of TRUE or FALSE. For example, OP_EQUAL pops two items from the stack and pushes TRUE (TRUE is represented by the number 1) if they are equal or FALSE (represented by zero) if they are not equal. Bitcoin transaction scripts usually contain a conditional operator, so that they can produce the result TRUE that signifies a valid transaction. In the following example, the script 2 3 OP_ADD 5 OP_EQUAL demonstrates the arith‐ metic addition operator OP_ADD, adding two numbers and putting the result on the stack, followed by the conditional operator OP_EQUAL which checks the resulting sum is equal to 5. For brevity, the OP_ prefix is omitted in the step-by-step example. Transaction Scripts and Script Language | 125PDF Image | Mastering Bitcoin
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