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482 D. PATRA AND R. EL KURDI HAuCl4 and AgNO3 aqueous solutions and kept under stirring for 24 h. In this case, curcumin reduced consecu- tively gold and silver ions. However, the mechanism of curcumin as a reducing agent when preparing mixed nanoparticles does not differ from the mechanism when preparing Au NPs or Ag NPs. Hence, in an aqueous sol- ution, the enol form of curcumin induces the reduction of Au3+ and Ag+ to Au0 and Ag0. However, mixed nano- particles can be effective to be used as anticancer, antiox- idant, and antimicrobial agents. 2.4. Synthesis of copper and iron nanoparticles In 2016, Sankar et al. (82) were the first to synthesis copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) and iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) using curcumin as a reducing agent and stabi- lizing agent at the same time. Sankar et al. have evalu- ated the reaction of curcumin in deionized water without adjusting the pH. However, a relative amount of curcumin was dissolved in deionized water and stirred for 5 consecutive hours. Later on, a specific amount of cupric sulfate and iron chloride hexahydrate was added. The solution mixture was kept under stirring for 24 h and then centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 20 min. The authors were able to verify the formation of Cu NPs and Fe NPs by color change. The color was changed from yellow to dark brown. The change in color is due to the excitation of the surface plasmon vibrations during nanoparticle formation. The use of curcumin as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent induced in the first place the reduction of the metals ions and then stabilized the formed NPs on their surface by the enol form (see Figure 8). Hence, Sankar et al. have investigated the effective role of Fe NPs and Cu NPs in treating A549 lung cancer Figure 8. The interaction of curcumin with the nanoparticles. cells. Few years later in 2019, Jayarambabu et al. (83) were able to synthesize Cu NPs using curcumin as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent to produce Cu NPs. Hence, to reduce the experiment time, the authors have used microwave irradiation. In this case, the reaction time was estimated to be 180 s. Thus, the only difference in this case is that the particles obtained were more agglomerated. In addition, this method enhanced the purity of the Cu NPs formed since no alternative peaks of CuO and CuO2 were obtained in the XRD diffractogram and the amount of oxygen atom was almost absent in the EDX analysis. The Cu NPs prepared by Jayarambabu et al. have shown an important antibacterial activity with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Fur- thermore, these NPs can be applied in the industrial field as textile coatings, antiseptic creams, cosmetic appli- cations, and disinfectants. 2.5. Synthesis of manganese nanoparticles In 2015, Jayandran et al. have synthesized manganese nanoparticles (84) using both lemon extract as a main reducing agent and curcumin as a second reducing agent and stabilizing agent. Gold, silver, and iron can be reduced easily using curcumin. Hence, for manga- nese bulk material, it is necessary to use two different reducing agents in order to increase its reduction reac- tion. The color changes from pale green to reddish- brown color. The final color confirms the stability of Mn NPs. Mainly, Mn NPs are used as antimicrobial pro- ducts. Yet, Jayandaran et al. have established the antimi- crobial activity of the prepared nanoparticles toward different funguses, Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Table 1 summarizes the reagent used for nanoparticle preparation and their application. 3. Synthesis of metallic oxide nanoparticles As drug carriers, inorganic nanomaterials such as metal oxides present numerous advantages over their organic counterparts. Particularly, some metal oxides like zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) have confirmed quite high stability and less toxicity. Metal oxide nanoparticles are fairly low- cost supplies and have the potential to balance the therapeutic effect of curcumin as they have shown therapeutic effects by themselves (85). 3.1. Synthesis of zinc curcumin oxide nanoparticles Zinc oxide nanoparticles present excellent ultraviolet absorbability and visible light transparency. Hence, itPDF Image | Curcumin as a novel agent for metallic nanoparticles
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