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Table 1. Reagent used for the different metallic nanoparticles and their applications. GREEN CHEMISTRY LETTERS AND REVIEWS 483 Metallic nanoparticles Au NPs Ag NPs Cu NPs Reagent used Curcumin, CTAB, basic media Curcumin alone Curcumin alone Curcumin, potassium carbonate Shape Nanowires Nanospheres Nanospheres Nanospheres Nanospheres Nanospheres Nanospheres Nanospheres Nanospheres Applications References Detection of α-tocopherol (68) Antioxidant agent (58) Anticancer agent (57) Detection of nucleic acid (67) Catalyst agent (70) Antibacterial agent and detection of nucleic acid (79) Anti-inflammatory agent (80) Bioimaging (82) Antimicrobial (83) Curcumin, basic Curcumin, basic Curcumin alone Curcumin alone Curcumin alone media media, silver nitrate has been reported that ZnO NPs with particle sizes greater than 100 nm are considered to be relatively bio- compatible (86). Recently, curcumin-conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles have been widely investigated, since the combination of both materials enhances their biomedical effect. In 2019, Varaprasad et al. have synthesized core–shell curcumin–ZnO nanocomposite, based on the precipi- tation of curcumin under ultrasonication. The syn- thesized nanostructures have shown complete water dispersibility. Interestingly, the core–shell curcumin– ZnO nanocomposite confirmed a superior antibacterial performance against Staphylococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and E. coli than commercial antibiotic amoxicillin (87). Additionally, Arab et al. and Nasrallah et al. have pro- duced spherical zinc curcumin oxide nanoparticles using zinc nitrate hexahydrate and potassium hydroxide. Remarkably, Arab et al. have shown that these nanopar- ticles were found to be a great nanoprobe for the detec- tion of ascorbic acid (88) and a quite good adsorbent for the adsorption of Congo red dyes (89). Likely, Nasrallah et al. have evaluated the effect of zinc curcumin as an antioxidant agent (90). 3.2. Synthesis of curcumin conjugated copper oxide nanoparticles Copper oxide nanoparticles are a narrow bandgap p- type semiconductor. CuO NPs own different properties like good electrochemical activities, proper redox poten- tial, and outstanding stability in solutions (52). In 2018, Senosy et al. have produced curcumin–CuO complex, where commercial CuO and curcumin were mixed and ground together. The formed NPs were reported for biomedical applications, where it was found curcumin-CuO nanocomplex has emerged an anti-diabetic effect in vivo on streptozotocin (STZ) dia- betic mice (91). Besides, Qassem et al. have produced curcumin-con- jugated copper oxide nanoparticles, by mixing cupric sulfate and curcumin in basic media under reflux. Qassem et al. have established the usage of curcu- min-conjugated copper oxide nanoparticles in the bio- medical field as nanoprobe. Hence, they have found that these nanoparticles can be used as nanoprobe in the detection of cations as mercury (92) ions and anions as persulfate (93). Additionally, the detection of aminoacids as cystine (94) and dopamine (95) was also achieved with high selectivity using curcumin- conjugated CuO NPs. As well, curcumin-conjugated CuO NPs were found to be effective in the environ- mental field as a catalyst for the reduction of methylene blue (20). 3.3. Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles Iron oxide nanoparticles are receiving attention in the biomedical domains, such as contrasting agents in MRI imaging, cell separation and detections, drug delivery. In 2016 Bhandari et al. reported a simple coating of Fe3O4 NPs using curcumin. The formed nanoparticles were found to be useful as an antioxidant agent. The resulting curcumin-coated iron oxide nanoparticles have confirmed lower toxicity than uncoated Fe3O4 or pure curcumin to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (96). Also, Khan et al. have successfully synthesized curcu- min-capped iron oxide nanoparticles. It was found that these nanoparticles were being an excellent prospect for effective pancreatic cancer treatment (97). 4. Future challenges It is clear that green synthesis facilitates the production of nanoparticles. However, this simple method can also be developed to produce stable and very uniform nanoparticles. In addition, since nanoparticles could be synthesized in different shapes, additional studies could be handled in order to control precisely the size and the shape. Moreover, as nanoparticles are being recently emerged in the biological application, various separation and purification techniques could be elaborated to increase their activity and decrease the toxicity.PDF Image | Curcumin as a novel agent for metallic nanoparticles
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