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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 5638 Curcumin also exhibits anticancer activity through anti-inflammatory activity an other mechanisms, such as suppression of proliferation and apoptosis, cell migration, an invasion by cancer cells, as well as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, wh5icohf 1a4re esse tial components of the metastatic pathway, and suppresses tumor protein p53 [72]. In addition, these health conditions can increase the chances of developing ment adnidseiansveas,ioandbymceantcaelr icllenlless, sa,spwaerltlicaus lanrglyiodgepnreesissiaonnd, liynmcrpehaasnesgitohgeerniesskiso, fwlohnicgh-laarseting co essential components of the metastatic pathway, and suppresses tumor protein p53 [72]. ditions, such as heart diseases and type 2 diabetes [73]. Curcuminoids fit in this conte In addition, these health conditions can increase the chances of developing mental by modulating dopamine and serotonin production, reducing neuroinflammation, reg diseases, and mental illness, particularly depression, increases the risk of long-lasting lating oxidative stress, and preserving mitochondrial function to improve mental statu conditions, such as heart diseases and type 2 diabetes [73]. Curcuminoids fit in this [74]. context by modulating dopamine and serotonin production, reducing neuroinflammation, In this sense, curcumin incorporation as a nutraceutical or bioactive agent in com regulating oxidative stress, and preserving mitochondrial function to improve mental mercial food products has attracted interest because of its potential health benefits. Ho status [74]. ever, the main limitations of curcumin are its low solubility in water and poor chemic In this sense, curcumin incorporation as a nutraceutical or bioactive agent in commer- csitaalbfoiloitdyp,roedsucltisnhgasinattlroawctesdyisntteemreisctbeiocauvsaeiloafbiitlsitpyotaendtiaalhweaelathkbpehnaefirmts.aHcokwineveetirc,profil the main limitations of curcumin are its low solubility in water and poor chemical stability, Another limitation of using turmeric as a bioactive agent is that high doses of curcumi resulting in low systemic bioavailability and a weak pharmacokinetic profile. Another are usually needed to be effective in vivo [75]. The low bioavailability of curcumin ma limitation of using turmeric as a bioactive agent is that high doses of curcumin are usually be the result of a number of physicochemical or physiological processes, including poo needed to be effective in vivo [75]. The low bioavailability of curcumin may be the result of solubility and permeability in the GIT, low chemical stability at physiological pH, an a number of physicochemical or physiological processes, including poor solubility and per- rapid metabolization in the GIT and liver [76,77]. meability in the GIT, low chemical stability at physiological pH, and rapid metabolization in the GIT and liver [76,77]. 4. Encapsulation of Curcumin for Application as a Bioactive Agent 4. Encapsulation of Curcumin for Application as a Bioactive Agent Curcumin encapsulation in food-grade biopolymers or colloidal delivery system Curcumin encapsulation in food-grade biopolymers or colloidal delivery systems can can overcome the challenges associated with its application [77,78]. Encapsulation tec overcome the challenges associated with its application [77,78]. Encapsulation technology nology can increase the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin (Figure 3), while pr can increase the solubility and bioavailability of curcumin (Figure 3), while protecting tecting this compound against hydrolysis, enzymatic action, and conjugation inactivatio this compound against hydrolysis, enzymatic action, and conjugation inactivation, among among others [79,80]. others [79,80]. Figure 3. Overview of micro/nanoencapsulation of curcumin. Figure 3. Overview of micro/nanoencapsulation of curcumin. Numerous curcumin delivery systems have been developed, such as micelles, emul- Numerous curcumin delivery systems have been developed, such as micelles, emu sions, nanoemulsions, liposomes, biopolymer nanoparticles, microgels, molecular com- sions, nanoemulsions, liposomes, biopolymer nanoparticles, microgels, molecular com plexes, and others [77,81,82]. plexZehs,eanngd, Zohtahnegr,sP[7en7,g8,1a,8n2d].McClements [82] studied the impact of the curcumin de- livery system type on bioaccessibility. The authors reported different behaviors in the Zheng, Zhang, Peng, and McClements [82] studied the impact of the curcumin deli simulated GIT according to the type of system utilized: nanocrystals, nanoemulsions, and ery system type on bioaccessibility. The authors reported different behaviors in the sim soymilk. The nanocrystal system had the lowest bioaccessibility because there were fewer lated GIT according to the type of system utilized: nanocrystals, nanoemulsions, an mixed micelles to solubilize the curcumin molecules. In another study, Peng et al. [83] soymilk. The nanocrystal system had the lowest bioaccessibility because there were fewe demonstrated an increase in the bioavailability of curcumin by 2.7–3.6-fold in both in vitro mixed micelles to solubilize the curcumin molecules. In another study, Peng et al. [8 d d n a n x u w a e n y d h o n l v u d 3PDF Image | Edible Bioactive Film with Curcumin
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