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InInt.t.J.J.Molo.l.SScci.i.2200222, ,2233, ,5x63F8OR PEER REVIEW 4 off1144 ohneahluthm,ainclhuedailnthg,itisnuclsuedinintgheittsreuastemiennthoefctraeradtimoveanstcuoflacradrdisieoavsaesc,ucalanrcedri,smeaesteasb,oclaicnscyenr,- mdertoamboel,idcisaybnedterso,maret,hdriatibse,taensd,amrtehnrittails,ilalnedsmseesn[1ta8l–i2ll0n,5e3ss].es[18–20,53]. Figure 2. Chemical structure of curcumin. Figure 2. Chemical structure of curcumin. PPhheennoolilcicOH groups presentininththeestsrtuructcutruereofocfucrucurcmuimnianreartheethmeaminasiintesithesattphart- participate in the scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen free radicals and play a ticipate in the scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen free radicals and play a key role key role in antioxidant activity [54,55]. The antioxidant activity of the curcumin molecule in antioxidant activity [54,55]. The antioxidant activity of the curcumin molecule improves improves redox homeostasis, which is directly related to diseases caused by aging [56] redox homeostasis, which is directly related to diseases caused by aging [56] through the through the regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2, which promotes hormonal regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2, which promotes hormonal responses and responses and increases defenses against damage caused by oxidants [57]. The antioxidant increases defenses against damage caused by oxidants [57]. The antioxidant capacity of capacity of curcumin has gained interest in clinical research for the prevention or mitigation curcumin has gained interest in clinical research for the prevention or mitigation of dis- of diseases that cause oxidative stress [58]. eases that cause oxidative stress [58]. The effects of curcumin on human health may also be related to its antimicrobial The effects of curcumin on human health may also be related to its antimicrobial po- potential [59] that results in a more rapid response in the wound healing process, mainly tential [59] that results in a more rapid response in the wound healing process, mainly in in elderly patients [60]. Curcumin also demonstrates antiviral activity because it inhibits elderly patients [60]. Curcumin also demonstrates antiviral activity because it inhibits the the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, preventing the oxidation of IMP to enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, preventing the oxidation of IMP to xan- xanthosine 5’-monophosphate, and consequently preventing the formation of guanosine thosine 5’-monophosphate, and consequently preventing the formation of guanosine 5’- 5’-triphosphate, which are fundamental reactions for both DNA and RNA viruses [61]. In triphosphate, which are fundamental reactions for both DNA and RNA viruses [61]. In both antimicrobial and antiviral activities, the phenolic groups present in curcumin nega- both antimicrobial and antiviral activities, the phenolic groups present in curcumin nega- tively regulate the activation of transcription factors (NF-κB and AP-1) that are associated tively regulate the activation of transcription factors (NF-κB and AP-1) that are associated with inflammatory processes [62]. with inflammatory processes [62]. According to the World Health Organization [63] chronic diseases are responsible According to the World Health Organization [63] chronic diseases are responsible for for 71% of all deaths globally, including cardiovascular diseases (heart attack and stroke), 71% of all deaths globally, including cardiovascular diseases (heart attack and stroke), cancer, and diabetes. For cardiovascular diseases, the mechanism of action of curcum- cancer, and diabetes. For cardiovascular diseases, the mechanism of action of curcumi- inoids is associated with the regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis suppression, and noids is associated with the regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis suppression, and anti- anti-inflammatory activity [64]. The anti-inflammatory activity of curcuminoids and the inflammatory activity [64]. The anti-inflammatory activity of curcuminoids and the mod- modulation of key molecules, such as kinases, also play a role in inflammation regulation ulation of key molecules, such as kinases, also play a role in inflammation regulation and and swelling of joint regions in a disease known as arthritis [65]. Similarly, the anti-obesity swelling of joint regions in a disease known as arthritis [65]. Similarly, the anti-obesity activity of curcumin is attributed to anti-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress bal- activity of curcumin is attributed to anti-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress balance, ance, and endogenous antioxidant enzyme expression [66]. Safarian et al. [67] reported and endogenous antioxidant enzyme expression [66]. Safarian et al. [67] reported that the that the ingestion of curcumin (1 g/day) and phospholipidated curcumin complex for six ingestion of curcumin (1 g/day) and phospholipidated curcumin complex for six weeks weeks increased the serum zinc and zinc-to-copper ratio, which represent two important increased the serum zinc and zinc-to-copper ratio, which represent two important antiox- antioxidants in patients with metabolic syndrome. idants in patients with metabolic syndrome. Curcuminoids have also been used to manage diabetes, and the pathways related Curcuminoids have also been used to manage diabetes, and the pathways related to to this effect involve the release of insulin and glucose metabolism [68,69]. A protective this effect involve the release of insulin and glucose metabolism [68,69]. A protective func- function against diabetes-related health problems was promoted by treating curcumin- tion against diabetes-related health problems was promoted by treating curcumin-sup- supplemented yoghurt to streptozotocin-diabetic rats, decreasing carbohydrate biomarkers plemented yoghurt to streptozotocin-diabetic rats, decreasing carbohydrate biomarkers by 63% and lipid disturbances (triacylglycerol and total cholesterol in 61% and 21%, re- by 63% and lipid disturbances (triacylglycerol and total cholesterol in 61% and 21%, re- spectively) as well as increasing paraoxonase by 31% compared to non-diabetic rats [70]. spectively) as well as increasing paraoxonase by 31% compared to non-diabetic rats [70]. Likewise, Jamilian et al. [71] reported a reduction in body weight (from 72.1 ± 9.8 to Likewise, Jamilian et al. [71] reported a reduction in body weight (from 72.1 ± 9.8 to 71.3 71.3 ± 9.8 kg), serum lipids (from 163.6 ± 44.8 to 154.0 ± 29.4 mg/dL in triglycerides), and ± 9.8 kg), serum lipids (from 163.6 ± 44.8 to 154.0 ± 29.4 mg/dL in triglycerides), and gly- glycemic control (from 111.3 ± 3.6 to 10.1 ± 3.2 μIU/mL), which in turn increases insulin cemic control (from 111.3 ± 3.6 to 10.1 ± 3.2 μIU/mL), which in turn increases insulin sen- sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 60, 26 in placebo group and sitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 60, 26 in placebo group and 24 in 24 in curcumin group) after consumption of 500 mg/day of curcumin over 12 weeks. curcCuumricnugmrionupal)saoftexrhciobnitsuamnptitciaoncoefr 5a0c0tivmitgy/dtahyrooufgchuracnutmi-infloavmerm1a2towreyeakcst.ivity and other mechanisms, such as suppression of proliferation and apoptosis, cell migration,PDF Image | Edible Bioactive Film with Curcumin
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