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news & trends Testing of the James Webb Space Telescope before launch. In 2021, NASA considered renaming the telescope after a petition signed by more than 1,200 people requested a change in light of allegations that former NASA administrator James Webb was involved in persecuting gay and lesbian people during his career in government. After an investigation, NASA declined to rename the telescope. In July 2011, appropriators in the Republican-controlled House passed a spending bill that would have canceled the JWST project. In the Senate, where Democrats had a majority, appropriators insisted on funding the project fully. JWST was eventually funded, but the project went through an extensive replan that involved setting a new launch date for 2018 and capping the cost at $8 billion. However, NASA did not meet these new targets either. In September 2017, NASA announced it would delay launch until spring 2019. Then in March 2018, it pushed the launch until spring 2020 and raised the cost estimate to $8.8 billion, with an extra $837 million requested for operating the telescope once it was in space. Finally, in June 2018, NASA moved the launch date to March 2021. In July 2018, the House Science Committee held a two-day hearing to investigate the recent delays that caused JWST to breach its statutory cap on development costs once again. Then House Science Committee Chair Lamar Smith (R-TX) opened the hearing by cen- suring NASA’s handling of the project. “It is truly staggering to behold how this space telescope’s cost and schedule projec- tions went from costing the same as a space shuttle mission—around half a billion dol- lars with an original launch date in 2007— to now becoming an expenditure exceed- ing $9 billion with a new launch goal in March 2021. This is 19 times the original cost and a delay of 14 years. It doesn’t get much worse than that,” he said. During the hearing, congresspeople heavily debated Northrop Grumman’s role in the delays. Since 2002, when Northrop Grumman acquired TRW Inc., the corporation that helped design JWST, Northrop Grumman became the prime constructor of JWST. While errors are expected for a proj- ect as complex as JWST, independent reviews determined that the errors made under Northrop Grumman’s watch were avoidable. “Workers used the wrong solvent to clean the observatory’s propulsion the Hubble Space Telescope & Beyond Committee. The committee was tasked to study possible missions and programs for ultraviolet optical infrared astronomy in space. In 1996, the 18-member committee released a report2 formally recommend- ing that NASA develop an infrared light- based space telescope (and that Hubble be operated beyond its original termina- tion in 2005). Following the report, three teams con- sisting of private and public sector sci- entists and engineers met to determine whether NASA could realize the com- mittee’s vision. All three concluded that the proposed telescope would work, so in 1997 NASA agreed to fund additional studies on the technical and financial requirements for building the telescope. 2000s—3, 2, 1...delay By 2002, NASA had selected teams to build the instruments and a group of astronomers to provide construction guidance for the telescope. The telescope also received its formal name of the James Webb Space Telescope, after the NASA administrator who led development of the Apollo program in the 1960s. Construction on JWST began in 2004. In 2005, an Ariane 5 rocket was chosen as the launch vehicle, and the European Space Agency’s Centre Spatial Guyanais spaceport in French Guiana was chosen as the launch site. Despite this initial progress, JWST development soon slowed down immensely due to technical and manage- ment challenges, contractor performance issues, and low levels of cost reserve. As a result, NASA moved the original launch date of 2007 to the early 2010s and increased the project’s cost estimate considerably—from $500 million estimat- ed in 1996, to $1–3.5 billion estimated in 2002, to $5 billion estimated in 2008. That is when Congress started tak- ing a closer look at how the project was being managed. Congress scrutinizes JWST project management As outlined in a Space News article,3 Congress first strongly confronted NASA about JWST’s swelling costs and delays during the fiscal year 2012 budget cycle deliberations. 6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 2 Credit: NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, Flickr (CC BY 2.0)PDF Image | hydrogen as an alternative fuel
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