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valves. A wiring error severely damaged the spacecraft’s pressure transducers. During an important test, the fasteners designed to hold the sun shield together came loose, scattering dozens of bolts that took months to find. These mis- takes alone resulted in a schedule delay of about 1.5 years and $600 million,” an article on The Atlantic explains.4 When congresspeople tried to hold Northrop Grumman accountable dur- ing the hearing, the company skirted answering if it should be responsible for covering the cost overruns, as detailed in an FYI article.5 Instead, the focus became how NASA could improve the structure of its contracts and the bidding process. For example, retired aerospace executive Tom Young suggested that instead of NASA entertaining bids offering a “lowest cred- ible cost,” NASA should establish a “most probable cost” before inviting bids and set criteria for awarding contracts to attract bids that emphasize good performance. Two years after the House hearing, NASA announced another delay in July 2020, pushing the launch date to October 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In September 2021, the launch was delayed slightly more to December. Finally, on Dec. 25, 2021, JWST launched into space—more than 30 years after it was initially conceived and at a cost of $10 billion. Visit news9live.com for a more detailed timeline of JWST project development.6 The future of and after JWST Now that JWST is launched and what appears to be successfully deployed, what happens next? First, NASA needs to make some final adjustments to JWST’s mirrors. Then, NASA will direct JWST to fly directly to Lagrangian point 2, a spot 1 million miles away where Earth and the sun’s gravity cancel out, allowing the telescope to orbit the sun with Earth permanently at its back. After reaching this point and following final alignment, JWST can start collecting data no sooner than mid-summer 2022. As for future projects, a big concern for Congress is avoiding the effects that American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 2 JWST’s delays and cost overruns had on other projects in NASA’s portfolio, such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). To avoid future flagship missions crowding out funding for other impor- tant projects, the National Academies’ latest astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey suggests implementing a new “Great Observatories Mission and Technologies Maturation Program.” “The survey explains that flagship mis- sions routinely have development times- cales stretching multiple decades and that immaturity of their component technolo- | www.ceramics.org 7 Deltech Furnaces An ISO 9001:2015 certified company ASME NQA-1 2008 Quality Assurance Control Systems are Intertek certified UL508A compliant www.deltechfurnaces.comPDF Image | hydrogen as an alternative fuel
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