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J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 27 6 of 36 Anisotropy of BP crystal structure is associated with the anisotropy of electrical and optical properties along three crystal axes which can be used for various near and mid- infrared optoelectronic applications, such as photodetectors and modulators [29]. LDHs with a two-dimensional layered structure and previously known as anionic clays, can be represented by the general chemical for- mula [M M (OH) ] (A ) . mH O, where M2+ and M3+ represent the divalent and ( ) ⁄ trivalent metal cations, respectively; An− is an interlayer n-valent anion (e.g., Cl−, OH−, NO3−, SO42− and organic anions); the value of x is equal to the molar ratio of M2+/(M2+ + M3+) and m is the number of crystal water molecules [31]. LDHs are structurally similar to bru- cite in which a layer of cationic metal atoms is sandwiched between hydroxide layers (Fig- ure 5). Figure 5. The overall structure of LDH: Schematic representation of layered double hydroxides (LDH) structures (Reprinted with permission from ref. [32]). The presence of positively charged sites on the surfaces of layers in LDHs leads to noncovalently bound anionic drug molecules and genetic material, making LDHs ideal materials for drug delivery applications. Another advantage of LDH nanosheets for drug delivery is their ability to control the release of pharmaceutically active compounds due to their biocompatibility and alkaline character [33]. Hexagonal boron nitrides (h-BN) which are another class of 2DNMs which are struc- turally more similar to traditional graphene and commonly known as the ‘‘white gra- phene”. The building block of monolayer h-BN exhibits a hexagonal structure which con- sists of an equal number of boron and nitrogen atoms (Figure 6) [34]. Due to the difference in electronegativity, the electrons in the B-N bonds of h-BN move toward N atoms, so these bonds have ionic properties compared to covalent C-C bonds in graphene [35].PDF Image | Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications
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