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J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 27 7 of 36 Figure 6. Atomic structure of h-BN 2D materials; Schematic diagram of the h-BN structure (Re- printed with permission from ref. [35]. 2020, Elsevier). It is reported that polarization of the BN bond significantly affects physicochemical properties of h-BN, including chemical conjugation (any nucleophilic group and electro- philic group can target the B and N atom, respectively) and band gap energy (band gap~5– 6 eV) [36]. Therefore, due to these properties, h-BN has demonstrated potential in the bi- omedical applications such as wound healing and bone tissue regeneration [37]. Recently, MXenes as a novel group of interesting 2DNMs were discovered by Naguib et al. who exfoliated 3D titanium aluminium carbide using hydrofuoric acid and pro- duced 2D titanium-carbide layers. MXenes are a family of transition metal carbides and nitrides that are produced by exfoliating their 3D precursors. The 3D precursors for MXenes are called MAX phases, which have a general formula in the form of Mn+1AXn, where M is a transition metal, A is an A-group element (mostly main group IIIA or IVA), X is carbon or nitrogen and n = 1, 2 or 3 (Figure 7) [38]. M–X bonds are stronger than M– A bonds, and A layers are more chemically active than M–X layers. Therefore, Mn+1Xn lay- ers are created by the elimination of A layers through selective strong acid etching. Finally, the final chemical formula of MXenes is Mn+1Xn Tx, where Tx is the surface functional groups (e.g., fluorine (–F), hydroxide (–OH) and oxygen (–O) groups) and x is the number of surface functionalities [39]. In recent years MXenes have been used as novel photother- mal therapy agents to treat mouse breast cancer cells due to their unique properties [40].PDF Image | Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications
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