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J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 27 16 of 36 Figure 9. MXene for biosensing applications: (a) sandwich-like Ti3C2Tx MXene/CNT layer formation; (b) resistance−strain dependence of a Ti3C2Tx MXene/CNT/latex sensor at stretching rate of 5% min−1 (inset illustrates the curve considering 0.6% strain); (c) digital photograph of a Ti3C2Tx MXene/CNT/latex strain sensor attached to the throat of volunteer; (d) Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes; (e) cross-sectional SEM image of sensor on throat; (f) Ti3C2Tx MXene/CNT layers, (g,h) responsive curves recorded phonation test of “MXene” word, and detecting human leg movement when run- ning (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85] Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society); (h) SEM images of freeze-dried MXene-PAA-ACC hydrogel; (i) typical ECG signals and the recorded relative resistance changes of the strain for (j) blood pulse; (k) swallowing of a volunteer. (Repro- duced with permission from Ref. [86] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society). Solution processed methods have attracted much more attention due to their scala- bility which enables development of wearable technologies. Driscoll and co-workers fab- ricated highly conductive Ti3C2 by facile the solution-processing method to construct an implantable multichannel neuroelectronic device with four times less impedance and in vivo neural signal sensing compared to gold microelectrodes due to the high conductivity and high surface area of MXene [91]. These neural electrode arrays enable neural record- ing from the cerebral cortex as well as deeper brain parts of anesthetized rats, with much higher sensitivity and lower noise in recording larger amounts of neural spikes. In terms of the biocompatibility, the Ti3C2 neuroelectronic device was tested by infusing it with neuron cultures, which resulted in no alteration or intervention with normal neural func- tional processes such as synapse formation or neurite viability [91]. The same group used prepared water-based Ti3C2 MXene ink and placed it on laser-patterned electrode arrays with different geometries of planar and 3D mini-pillar with no required conductive gels for epidermal electronic usage. The bulk conductivity of the MXene composites was meas- ured to be 3015 ± 333 S/m (from 500 μm) to 241.4 ± 14.7 ohms (for 3 mm thickness) at 10 Hz. The human epidermal sensing was conducted over the inferior parietal cortex to rec- ord a high-resolution EEG as an alpha signature through dense arrays. Moreover, the elec- trodes were tested on hand motor area and recorded suppression of the 8 to 12 Hz motor mu rhythm as an EEG sign. The electrode demonstrated reduced electrode-skin interface impedance compared to industrial carbon conductive ink. These experiments show that the flexible bioelectronic interfaces, named as MXtrode arrays, have potential applicabilityPDF Image | Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications
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