PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 025
J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 27 25 of 36 electrons in PTT agents are excited to higher states and after relaxation make high kinetic en- ergies to heat and destroy cancer cells. To obtain more light-to-heat efficiency and less destruc- tive performance, the PTT agents should demonstrate high absorption cross section. This mile- stone has been mostly achieved by noble metal NPs compared to dye photo-absorbers, due to strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and photostability. Gold and silver nanostructures [133] and carbon nanomaterials [134] are well- studied as contrast agents for thermal ablation of cancer cells [135]. However, 2DNMs are more versatile due to changeable layered structure which allows surface modification with NPs and molecules [136]. In a recent study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with tea polyphenol (TPG) as one of the well-known 2D nanoplatforms used for targeted photochemotherapy and it was found that the therapeutic efficacy increases with programed cell death-ligand 1 (PDL1) modification [137]. The results revealed that pure doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) cancer drug shows a strong cancer and normal cells abla- tion, but when loaded on anti-PDL1-conjugated TPG (TPDL1) with 1:100 PDL1/TPG ratio, as chemotherapy agent, and TPDL1 as a targeted photo-chemo-thermal agent with near-infrared (NIR) irradiation increases anticancer drug release efficiency while doing no harm to normal cells (Figure 14a). In fact, DOX releasing activity suppressed from 22.60% to 5.31% when pH changes from 5.0 to biological pH = 7.4 which allows TPD to circulate with blood easily and releasing in the acidic environment of cancer cells. TPG at different concentrations revealed no obvious cytotoxicity in 72 h to normal cells (L929 and PDLCs) through CCK- while allow- ing targeted killing of CAL-27 and ACC2 cancer cells when its concentration reaches 250 μg·mL−1 due to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside CAL-27 when TPG is added. TPG also revealed reversible photothermal conversion when it was irradiated with the NIR laser for time duration of 3 min (on/off cycle) as a proof of its stability. However, func- tionalization of TPG with the chemotherapy agents allowed using lower concentrations of TPG which makes it less aggregated in cells. In PTT test, addition of TPD (1 μM DOX) en- hances the temperature to about 55°C in 5 min (Figure 14b), with enhanced anticancer effect of 71.57%, higher than that of TPG (57.51%), and TPDL1 (55.99%) due to NIR treatment en- hance ROS generation [137]. As a result, in comparison to pure cancer drugs, rGO along with drug can help to suppress side effects, while enhancing cancer cells cytotoxicity. 2DNMs can also be utilized for wound healing with antibacterial properties. In a study by Huang and co-workers, an ultrasonication-assisted liquid exfoliation technique was adopted to generate highly stable black phosphorous (BP) nanosheets using silk fi- broin (SF) as an exfoliating agent for wound dressing (Figure 14c) [138]. SF modified-BP (BP@SF) antibacterial activity was tested with E. coli (Gram-negative) and B. subtilis (Gram-positive) bacteria as representative models. The bacteria cocultured plate with BP@SF was irradiated with NIR light followed by plate counting. Both bacteria’s viability reduced compared to applying either BP@SF dressing or NIR laser irradiation. The viabil- ity assay with confocal fluorescence images of E. coli or B. subtilis cells was also per- formed, where most E. coli and B. subtilis cells were found dead after NIR irradiation. SEM images of bacteria revealed a distorted appearance after irradiation, confirming the PTT performance of our BP@SF dressing in killing bacteria (Figure 14d). The in vivo PTT results demonstrate wound repair of mice tissue after 5 days (Figure 14e) and the residual bacteria of skin treated with the PTT agent was tested through measuring their optical density (OD600), and it was found that the OD value of BP@SF alone was higher than that of control sample since BP@SF dressing on the wound might partially produce phosphate or phosphonate after degradation. Moreover, no abnormality was detected in mice organs when some parts were sliced for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological analysis. Therefore, the BP@SF dressing using silk fibroin as an exfoliating and stabilizer agent was able to effectively prevent bacterial infection and improve wound repair [138]. To increase the NIR-light-to-heat conversion efficiency of 2D nanomaterials, Kang and co-workers loaded photosensitizer 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-21H,12H- porphine (THPP) at the surface of antimonene nanosheets (Sb NSs) followed by poly(eth- ylene glycol) (PEG) modification [139]. This modification allowed photothermal conver- sion efficiency of 44.6% of Sb–THPP–PEG NSs higher than most of the photothermalPDF Image | Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical Applications
PDF Search Title:
Nanomaterials beyond Graphene for Biomedical ApplicationsOriginal File Name Searched:
jfb-13-00027.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)