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Eng 2021, 2 617 could be used as the flow rate of carbon dioxide through the bed. This will be recycled directly during the extraction process so that only carbon dioxide will be needed to replace that lost in the shut down and start-up stages between batches. Figure 1 shows an extraction rate of 8% after 180 min for the preferred conditions with significantly reducing extraction after that time, so 180 min is suggested as a practical extraction time. Since the cross- sectional area of the commercial unit will be rather larger than the experimental unit, there may be issues of carbon dioxide distribution in the bed. Therefore, a lower extraction rate should be used in the comparative financial analyses to allow for this; 6% is suggested. Table 4. Comparison of hydrodistilled oil to sub-critically extracted oil from turmeric. Type of Material Components α curcumene B sesquiphellandrene zingiberene ar-turmerone turmerone curlone Hydrodistilled Fresh Turmeric Quantity of Component/g 0 0.013 0.016 0.124 0.365 0.122 Sub-Critical Oven Dried Turmeric 25 ◦C 65 Bar Quantity of Component/g 0.046 0.109 0.089 0.475 0.292 0.307 However, in addition, it can provide the basis of a process whereby the essential oil and oleoresin could be produced separately in a single operation. Thus, in a supercritical fluid extraction process, the first period of the operation would be carried out under sub- critical conditions to produce the pure essential oil. Once the oil extraction is complete, the pressure would be increased to typically 250 bar pressure to extract the oleoresin. This possibility is being examined in a separate study. 5. Conclusions It may be concluded that the preferred raw material for the hydrodistillation of turmeric rhizomes is fresh unpeeled material. The yield of the oil obtained in the experimen- tal programme at ≈6.2% on a dry weight basis and the composition of the hydrodistilled oil are supported in the literature. The yields of essential oil from the sub-critical fluid extraction of oil using carbon dioxide normally varied from ≈6% to ≈9% with the highest yields being at the lowest temperature used in the experimental program i.e., 25 ◦C. The oils extracted by sub-critical fluid extraction contained the quality components, i.e., ar-turmerone, curlone, turmerone, β- sesquiphellandrene, zingiberene, and α-curcumene to varying degrees with ar-turmerone being the major component under all conditions. No curcumin, the major component of the oleoresin, was detected in any of the extracts, thereby indicating that sub-critical fluid extraction produced a pure essential oil. The preferred extraction conditions for sub-critical fluid extraction were 25 ◦C tem- perature and 65 bar pressure. Sub-critically extracted oil is preferred, as it gave a higher overall yield than hydrodistillation with higher concentrations of the quality components, as shown in Table 4. It is recommended that an analysis of the capital and operating cost of a typical commercial sub-critical fluid extraction process is carried out and compared with hydrodis- tillation. Secondly, a single supercritical fluid extraction process should be investigated to separate the essential oil and the oleoresin in which the first step in the extraction process is operated at 25 ◦C and 65 bar pressure until the essential oil is fully extracted, after which the pressure is increased to typically 250 bar pressure to extract the oleoresin. Author Contributions: Experimental work, R.S.; Supervision, D.M.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding.PDF Image | Sub-Critical Fluid Extraction Turmeric vs Hydrodistillation
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