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Experimental Investigation on efficient Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Essential Oil from Turmeric Rhizomes: Effects of Geometric and other Operation Parameters Chang and others suggested an operating pressure of at least 26MPa and the temperature range of 320K-350K is suitable for turmeric oil extraction using SCO2E without applying any co-solvent [15]. Some studies on the effect of particle size indicate that particles smaller than 0.45 mm enhance the rate and yield of extraction using SCO2 [6, 15]. Angel L. Chassagnez-Me ́ndez studied the kinetics of SCO2E of curcumins and essential oil from the turmeric rhizomes [17]. Another important factor that has considerable influence on the extraction process along with various operating conditions of SFE is the design of extractor. The effects of design variations of the extractor (in terms of bed volume, bed height to diameter ratio, etc.) on SFE of various plant materials were reported in some works of literature [18-24]. The variation in bed geometry interferes in the extractor performance by affecting the distribution pattern of solid feed, the tortuous path for solvent flow, mass and heat transfer rates. These factors influence the overall extraction curves (OEC) and corresponding extraction kinetics. Conventionally cylindrical geometry is used in designing the extractor vessel. In the present work, a special type of annular extractor bed design, introduced earlier by us to study the effect of geometrical modification of extractor on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of clove bud oil [25], is used for turmeric oil extraction. It aims mainly to establish the effect of this design concept in the extraction of biomass like turmeric rhizomes which is not enriched with essential oils like clove buds. The effects of operating parameters like pressure, temperature and particle size using modified bed geometry are also studied. Then the performance of modified extractor beds in the extraction of turmeric oil was compared and verified with the results obtained earlier in the case of clove oil extraction. II. MATERIALS AND METHOD A. Plant Materials and Chemicals The quality matured dried turmeric rhizomes as available in local market were obtained from Haldia (West Bengal, India), checked minutely to remove any other impurity (if any) and dried under controlled condition in a laboratory drying unit having air evacuated system for 12 h. This is done in order to avoid the opposing effect of moisture content of the sample above 12% on the rate of mass transfer and solubility of the volatile matter in the solvent CO2 used for SFE [26]. The dried turmeric sample was then milled in a mixture grinder (Philips Mixer Grinder HL7720) and separated into three fractions with the help of a sieve shaker assembled with 16 - 80 mesh sieves from Tyler standard screen series. The average particle sizes (DP) of different fractions were determined following the mass mean diameter calculation and the ground turmeric (to be used later for SCO2E experiments) was stored after packaging in air-tight polyethylene bags in cold and dark place since curcuminoids, the natural pigment of turmeric, degrade in contact with light, heat and oxidative conditions [27]. CO2 (commercial grade with above 99% purity) used in the extraction experiments was acquired from a local supplier, Bharat Oxytech Pvt. Ltd., Haldia (West Bengal, India). Retrieval Number: H6344068819/19©BEIESP 324 B. Moisture Content of Turmeric Rhizomes The moisture content of both, the raw turmeric bought from the market and moisture controlled turmeric after laboratory drying, were measured using the “SARTORIUS MA45C” moisture analyzer. The moisture analysis results were provided after triplicate measurements. C. Determination of the Global Yield (Total Amount of Extractable Material) In the present study, the traditional Soxhlet extraction method was applied to obtain the entire extractable aromatic oil content from the turmeric sample. For the experiment 30 gm of the dried and comminuted sample from the feedstock having 0.6mm average particle size was loaded in a glass thimble after wrapping in Whatman filter paper. The thimble was connected with a round bottom reflux flux (500 mL capacity) of the Soxhlet apparatus. The extraction was carried out using 200 mL n-hexane as a solvent and the apparatus was kept under reflux condition for 8hrs. Then the final extract was separated by removing the solvent at 500C with the help of a rotary vacuum evaporator. D. Modified Externally Loaded Solid Bed It is common practice to fill the ground plant material externally in a shell (conventionally cylindrical in geometry) having perforated surface and placed it inside the cylindrical extractor vessel for solid-fluid SCO2E. In this study, a concentric tube extractor shell was used to study the effect of this modified bed geometry on turmeric oil extraction as a continuation of our previous published work [25]. This special type of extractor shell is an assembly of two concentric perforated tubes. The smaller diameter tube which has one blind end at the upstream side was surrounded by the main shell of fixed diameter 5.5cm (same as the internal diameter of the extractor vessel) and groundmass of plant matrices was loaded in the annulus. The internal tube was designed for two different diameters (0.75cm and 1.5cm). Experimental studies on turmeric oil extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) were conducted under same operating conditions using modified extractor bed of two different dimensions (AB1, Annulus Bed designed with 1.5cm diameter inner channel & AB2, Annulus Bed designed with 0.75cm diameter inner channel) and conventional solid bed without any annulus (CB) to co-relate the bed performances with previous study using same alteration of bed geometry [25]. The figure of annulus bed loaded inside the extractor was available in the previous publication [25]. E. SFE Experimental Set-up All the experimental investigations related with the evaluation of the annulus extractor bed performance in turmeric oil extraction by SFE were conducted using a semi-batch type SFE unit (Model No: CSL/SCF/1L2/400) supplied by M/s Chemtron Science Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. (Navi Mumbai, India), and described elsewhere [25]. 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