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Research 13 H2 Monolayer 𝛾-B28 Top view Side view Stripe (d) c bc B+B2O3 T1 T2 b (a) (011) (011)(020) (011) 5 nm (b) ca B/Cu foil a b c 0.923 nm ba (c) Figure 12: (a) Diagram of the homemade two-zone CVD furnace for growing borophene. (b) Top and lateral views of the borophene. (c) Atomic space structure of the elementary cell for borophene. (d) The striped phase shown by HRTEM image. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. lateral size limit 100 nm and thickness less than 5 nm can be obtained (Figures 13(b)–13(d)). This fabrication strategy is fit for biomedical applications. An easy and massive synthesis of atomic sheets of boro- phene through a fresh liquid-phase exfoliation and the reduction of borophene oxide is proved by Jiang et al. in Figure 13(e) [86]. Electron microscopy verified the existence of β12, χ3, and their intermediate phases of borophene in Figure 13(f). These borophene materials and their hybrids will create great contributions in the realm of 2D materials and could contribute to develop future generations of appa- ratus and emerging applications. The honeycomb borophene layer existing in diborides may also provide an avenue for obtaining honeycomb bor- ophene directly through the top-down fabrication strategy [87, 88]. However, the sandwiched boron layer is strongly bound with two external metal layers through covalent bond, endowing the direct exfoliation of honeycomb borophene a big challenge. 4. Applications 4.1. Energy Applications. Larger capacitance, good electrical conductivity, and ionic conductivity are the key to whether a material can be used as electrode material [89]. As the 2D material, borophene has high surface liveness, which is conducive to the realization of super high storage capacity of metal material. In addition, the metallic band construc- tion of borophene facilitates the conduction of electricity, so it can also be used as the electrode for metal material ion batteries. Because of the high surface activity of borophene, boro- phene as an electrode material has a strong interaction with lithium ion. The initial intercalation voltage is 1.12 eV, which reduces with the increase of Li adsorption range. Jiang et al. first proposed sodium borohydride as an excellent cathode material for lithium batteries [90]. The fully lithiated phase of 2-Pmmn is much higher than traditional graphite [90], silicene [91], phosphorene [92], and other electrode mate- rials. As shown in Figure 14, the relative migration potential barrier of lithium ions in borophene is significantly smaller than that in graphite [90], silicene [92], phosphorene [91], and Li4Ti5O12, which is only 2.6meV. The longitudinal potential barrier of borophene is about 325 meV, so the lith- ium ions on its surface have strong anisotropy during the migration process, and during the whole lithium process, the electronic structure of the lithium is characterized by the same characteristics of metal elements, indicating that borophene has good conductivity. To sum up, because boro- phene has high ionic conductivity and excellent electronic conductivity, it has relatively excellent performance in the whole charging and discharging process. On the other hand, we can adjust properties of mate- rials through doping, so as to realize the complementary advantages between materials [93]. Borophene hydride has a volume of 504mAh/g; borophene has a volume of 1860 mAh/g; as a result, scientists in the study of borophene olefin as the anode of lithium-ion batteries when joined by hydrogen, due to the charge in the process of transfer, take borophene transfer to the hydrogen atom, so the borophene phase increases, thus reducing the interaction between lith- ium and borophene hydride. At the same time, the applica- tion of borophene in phases 12 and 3 in sodium and magnesium ion batteries also showed excellent characteris- tics. Lithium batteries using borophene in phases 12 and 3 as anode material were 1984 mAh/g and 1240 mAh/g, which 0.51 nm OutPDF Image | Two-Dimensional Borophene
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