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354 the compressor clutch disengaged. The generator thus is able to return electricity to the utility system during periods of peak demand. The CAES plant is essentially a gas turbine in which the compression process is decoupled from the power delivery process. During daily cyclical operation, the mass of air supplied to the cavern at night is utilized during the day. Since the charging period may be different than the utilization period, the average mass rates of storage and delivery may differ. The McIntosh plant is designed for twenty-six hours of storage capacity and therefore does not operate on a strict daily cycle but rather on a weekly cycle that takes advantage of less expensive weekend power. The presence of the recuperator in the McIntosh plant, the first in use in a CAES facility, provides regeneration, which, as discussed in Chapter 5, substantially reduces gas turbine fuel consumption and thus improves plant efficiency. Regeneration may also be accomplished by absorption and storage of the heat of compression of the air in an aftercooling, high heat capacity heat exchanger such as a pebble bed recuperator. The stored energy is later returned to the air discharged from the cavern as it flows to the turbines. The success of a CAES plant, like that of pumped storage, depends on the availability of cheap, off-peak power. The objective is to drive the compressor train during these periods so that high-priced power may be produced later in periods of high demand. It should be noted that the compression process is not only decoupled mechanically from the power delivery process, but the compress- ion process may take place over a longer period of time than the period of CAES power production. This allows the use of smaller compressors than would be needed for a conventional peaking gas turbine. According to reference 25, the Huntorf plant compresses for 4 hours, and the McIntosh plant for 1.7 hours, for each hour of power production. CAES may become a more viable option in the United States than surface pumped storage because of the existence of more potential sites and lower land surface area requirements for CAES. 9.6 District Heating and Cooling and Cogeneration Comfort heating and cooling in homes, businesses, and industry consumes large quantities of energy. Much of this low-temperature-energy use is accomplished by the direct or indirect burning of fossil fuels and high temperature. Electrical resistance heating, especially, and heat pumps may be included in this because the electricity they consume is produced largely from high-temperature sources. Many believe that these are inappropriate uses of fossil fuels, in a conservation sense, because of the unnecessary loss of the availability of high-temperature energy to do work. It is simply a reflection of the desirability of using high temperatures where needed and low-temperature sources for low-temperature functions. For instance, it is no revelation that some of the obligatory heat rejection by modern heat engines is at a high enough temperature to supply energy for comfort heating and cooling.PDF Image | Advanced Systems Steam Power Plant
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