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355 District heating, the provision of heat to a populated area by a nearby central heating plant, has been in use for one hundred years or more. More recently the addition of cooling to such plants has become widespread. Now, colleges and universities frequently have such a facility. Shopping malls and blocks of business districts in many cities also take advantage of the economic benefits provided by a central plant. This is usually accomplished through the use of boilers that produce hot water or steam for heating, and by vapor compression or steam-driven absorption refrigeration machines that produce chilled water for cooling. Water, steam, or brine is usually used to deliver the energy to the user. In municipal facilities, the steam, water, or brine is metered and circulated in insulated pipes under the streets to air-handling units and other point-of-use devices in the customers’ buildings, and thence to return pipes that bring the fluid back to the central plant or, in single-pipe one-way systems, to sewer mains. Until recently, most of the district heating facilities the United States did not find significant advantage in producing electrical power and using the waste heat for district heating, cooling, or industrial process energy. With Europe’s more limited energy resources, combined heat and power (CHP), or cogeneration, the synergistic generation of electric power and heat, found more extensive use there than in United States following the Second World War. In fact, a number of steam turbines and closed-cycle gas turbines burning a variety fuels were developed for simultaneous electric power generation and district heating or industrial cogeneration purposes (refs. 12 and 15–20). These activities are closely related to total energy systems, which seek to utilize natural gas for other purposes while generating electricity (ref. 17). In the United States this term has been used in the past for the promotion of natural-gas-burning systems that provided heating, cooling, and electricity for shopping malls, colleges, and similar customers. Some of the possible cogeneration steams include: 1. Steam turbine power with condenser heat rejection for low-temperature processes, facility heating, or district heating. 2. Steam turbine power with steam extraction or use of a back-pressure turbine for process or district heating use. 3. Steam turbine power with exhaust steam or steam extraction heat transfer to absorption refrigeration system generators for chilling processes or district cooling in summer. 4. Closed-cycle gas turbine power with coolers (intercoolers and pre-coolers) used for district heating. 5. Closed-cycle gas turbine power with coolers used with absorption refrigeration system for chilling processes or district cooling in summer.PDF Image | Advanced Systems Steam Power Plant
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