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356 6. Open-cycle gas turbine power with exhaust heat recovery for process use or district heating. 7. Diesel or gas reciprocating engine power with water-jacket cooling, oil cooler, and/or exhaust gas heat recovery used for process or district heating. A measure of the efficiency of energy utilization in a cogeneration plant is the energy utilization factor, EUF, which is the sum of the net work, w, and the useful heat produced, qu, divided by the energy supplied to achieve the combined heat and work, qin, (ref. 18): EUF = (w + qu )/qin [dl] (9.6) Care should be taken when considering the EUF and the thermal efficiency of a plant. The EUF is not restricted by the Carnot efficiency and can therefore approach 100%. For instance, when there is no useful heat transfer, the EUF is the plant thermal efficiency. At the other extreme, when no power is produced the plant can utilize almost all the energy supplied by the fuel for useful heat; and therefore the EUF could approach 100%. Thus the EUF is a measure of the extent of productive use of the energy source, with no consideration for work–useful heat proportions. An EUF in excess of 80 percent is possible for a CHP plant. Other efficiencies for CHP plants may be defined. For instance, a weighting factor might be used in the numerator of the EUF to attempt to give appropriate weight to both heat and work. For example, since conventional power plants convert heat to work with about 33% efficiency, one might define a special EUF* as (w + 0.33qu )/qin for comparison with thermal efficiencies. While such factors may be useful in evaluating the design of a plant, they should be applied with care. Reference 18 discusses alternative definitions more fully. 9.7 Electricity Generation and Legislation Historically, the electric power industry in the United States developed by recognizing the economic advantages of scale of large central plants that used extensive power transmission and distribution systems, following the lead of the great governmental hydroelectric power projects. They also recognized the enhanced growth potential inherent in the society’s becoming “totally electric.” The productive disposition of condensor rejected heat had no place as a revenue producer in this scheme, for the important reasons that it would reduce plant efficiency and power output and could not reach across the miles as power transmission lines could. Individual consumers as well as industry happily accepted this approach to the electrification of America, as electricity prices dropped decade after decade. Natural-gas and fuel oil companies were also there to satisfy the vast needs for heat. More recently, energy-consuming industries came to recognize the possibilities of simultaneous power and heat generation to satisfy their energy requirements. AtPDF Image | Advanced Systems Steam Power Plant
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