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371 Axial compressors and turbines consist of alternating rows of stationary, or stator, blades and rotating, or rotor, blades, with the rotor rows firmly attached to a rotating shaft. In a turbine, the stationary blades act as nozzles to increase flow velocity, and the rotor blades downstream turn and decelerate (change the momentum of) the flow. The reaction to the momentum change is a force with a large component in the direction of blade rotation. This blade force delivers torque and power about the rotor axis. The combination of the stator row and a rotor row is called a stage. Instead of thinking in terms of efficiency for the entire machine, we focus our attention on the efficiency of a single turbine stage. The efficiency of a stage may be defined in terms analogous to the definition of the isentropic efficiency. Consider the T-s diagram of Figure 9.27, which shows the temperature drop of a calorically perfect gas in a stage of a multistage turbine. We assume here that all stages have identical pressure ratios. In the notation of the figure, the turbine isentropic efficiency is given by (T1 – T2)/(T1 – T2i), and by analogy the stage isentropic efficiency is *T/ *Ti. The expansion process in the turbine may be thought of as a stairstep sequence of expansions through individual small stages, each having its own efficiency. A few such steps are indicated in the figure. It should be observed that, in each successive stage, the isentropic temperature drop *Ti moves to the right on the diagram and therefore is larger than the corresponding drop between the same pressure levels on the expansion line from 1 to 2i; i.e., *Ti > *Ts. Thus the irreversibility of the expansions through earlier stages results in a sum of stage isentropic temperature drops greater than the overall isentropic temperature drop and hence greater work-producing capability for successive stages.PDF Image | Advanced Systems Steam Power Plant
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