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1. Introduction 1.1. Background Since the Wright brothers’ first flight in 1903, air transport has been constantly growing and modernizing. Within a century, tremendous progress has been achieved in aircraft design and flight operations, revolutionizing transport for people and goods and making it a truly global industry. Aviation has always been strongly dependent on economic and political factors and, despite experiencing crises, is now well established throughout the world as an indispensable means of transport ensuring global connectivity. Since the early jet age, the volume of air transport has doubled about every fifteen to twenty years, which makes it the fastest growing transport sector. With growth in tourism and trade, aviation is expected to continue expanding in the future at a similar rate as today. Recent forecasts show that by 2036, air passenger traffic is expected to grow at an average rate of 3.7% per annum, respectively, reaching almost 14 trillion revenue passenger-kilometers (RPK) more than the double compared to 2016 [1]. Aviation has long been the focus of public attention for its environmental impact, such as noise, pollutant emissions and, more recently, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. While aviation emissions have consistently grown in absolute terms over the past, the global share that they represent among all man-made CO2 emissions has been fairly constant with 2% (see Figure 2, from data by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center [2]. This means that the emissions of aviation [3], despite being one of the most strongly growing sectors with a continuous growth rate between 4 and 5% p.a., have not been growing faster than the average of all man-made CO2 emissions. In 2009, the entire aviation industry (comprising airlines, aerospace manufacturers, airports, air navigation service providers and business aviation) committed to high-level climate action goals [4], which are: • improving fuel efficiency by 1.5% per annum between 2009 and 2020; • achieving net carbon neutral growth from 2020; • reducing global net aviation carbon emissions by 50% by the year 2050 relatively to 2005. In order to meet these goals, aviation stakeholders have adopted a multi-faceted strategy [4], which is based on: technology (including more fuel-efficient aircraft as well as sustainable alternative fuels [SAF]), efficient flight operations, improved airspace and airport infrastructure, and positive economic measures. Achieving these goals is a highly challenging task. In particular, the 2050 goal of 50% reduction of aviation’s global carbon footprint requires the combination of all possible contributions from all stakeholders (aircraft and engine manufacturers, airlines, airports and air navigation service providers [ANSPs]) and all of the four pillars (technology for aircraft and engines as well as sustainable fuels, operations, infrastructure and market-based measures). The Wright Flyer, 1903 DH 106 Comet, 1959 Figure 1: Evolution of Aircraft Technology Airbus A350-XWB-1000, 2018 Achieving aviation’s climate goals is a highly challenging task and requires the combination of all possible contributions from all stakeholders and all pillars of the IATA strategy. 9PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
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