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vehicle that can accommodate up to two people on-board andflyforupto27kmat70km/h[57]. Lilium, a Munich-based start-up, is developing a fully- electric VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) aircraft that can accommodate up to two people and fly up to 300 km in one hour. An unmanned prototype has already had its first flight in 2017, a larger 5-seater version flew for the first time in May 2019 [58]. A manned prototype will be used later for certification flights [59]. According to Lilium, passengers would be able to book their own VTOL in 2025. However, air traffic management restrictions for these aircraft must be resolved before commercial services can start [58]. Figure 28: Step-by-step approach in the penetration of electrically-powered aircraft into the market Hybrid-electric aircraft Hybrid-electric aircraft are considered a very effective substitute for conventional short- and medium-range aircraft in the near future. Many large companies in the aerospace and electrical equipment sectors are investing in this technology such as Airbus, Siemens, Rolls-Royce, Boeing and others. Different principles of hybrid-electric aircraft combining innovative electric motors and combustion engines have been described in the previous section. In addition, heavy-weight batteries could be replaced by hydrogen fuel cells, provided a reliable worldwide hydrogen supply network is in place (see also Section 2.3 – Aircraft Systems). These aircraft are being designed to replace conventional aircraft powered by combustion engines on regional routes. According to DLR studies, it will be perfectly possible to replace 60 to 70% of all conventional regional aircraft with hybrid aircraft [60]. Figure 29: E-Fan X Technology designed by Airbus In November 2017, Airbus, Rolls-Royce and Siemens formed a partnership with the objective to develop and build a hybrid-electric demonstrator aircraft, the E-Fan X, planned to fly in 2020. It uses serial hybrid-electric technology to power a 2-megawatt electric motor, mounted on a BAe 146 flying testbed replacing one of the four gas turbine engines. The longer-term goal is to build a commercial aircraft equipped with the E-Fan X technology that can accommodate 50-100 passengers on board and fly regional and short-range routes, with an envisaged entry into service around the year 2035 [61] [62]. In May 2019, SAS and Airbus signed a Memorandum of Understanding for research on operational and infrastructural bnn requirements for the introduction of hybrid and electric aircraft into commercial service. SAS has a goal of 25% emissions reduction by 2030. In the US, Boeing and a US airline have invested in a start-up based in Washington State, Zunum Aero, which aims to develop the world’s first commercial hybrid electric- powered passenger aircraft. Zunum planned to fly a demonstrator aircraft by 2019 for its initial hybrid aircraft that can accommodate 15 passengers and fly up to 600 nm. This aircraft was expected to enter service in 2023. However, the company is currently in financial difficulties. Zunum’s further plans include introducing a short-range hybrid aircraft in 2027 that would be able to accommodate 50 passengers and fly up to 1000 nm. In addition, there are development plans for a 100-seater aircraft that would be able to fly up to 1500 nm. The aircraft would be able to cut 80% of local CO2 emissions and is expected to enter service in the early 2030s [63]. 28 The introduction of electric propulsion for aircraft is a revolutionary step in the aviation industry. It is made easier by the fact that it is a scalable technology.PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
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