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Figure 30: Hybrid-Electric Aircraft designed by Zunum NASA’s STARC-ABL, one of NASA’s X-plane project designs, is a turbo-electric aircraft. The STARC-ABL is a single-aisle turboelectric aircraft with an aft boundary-layer propulsor. This design relies significantly on electric power, not only for propulsion, but also to operate electrical onboard systems such as flight controls, avionics and de-icing. The STARC- ABL would accommodate up to 150 passengers and is envisaged to enter service between 2035 and 2040, with a 10% emissions reduction benefits [64]. Figure 31: NASA X-plane: STARC-ABL design Electric Aircraft Design Electrical Power (MW) Electric Aircraft Type EIS CO2 Aircraft Number of Reduction Range Configuration Passengers Benefits Zunum Aero 4-5 Series-hybrid 2027 80% Regional Tube & wing 50 Zunum Aero 15 Series-hybrid 2030-35 80% Regional Tube & wing 100 E-Fan X 8to16 [62] Series-hybrid 2030-35 Regional Tube & wing 50-100 STARC-ABL 2to3 Partial turbo- electric 2035-40 10% Regional Tube & wing 150 Battery-powered aircraft Battery-powered aircraft achieve the highest possible CO2 emissions reduction and environmental benefit in general. They generate neither CO2 nor pollutant emissions affecting local air quality during operations, and their noise generation is much lower than that of aircraft powered by combustion engines. Question marks remain over the CO2 emitted by electrical power generation. While today’s electric power generation produces roughly 0.6 kg CO2/kWh in world average (2009 value, [65]), it can be expected that with the progress in renewable energy development and States’ commitments under the Paris agreement (some States planning an 80 to 90% reduction of their CO2 emissions by 2050), CO2 emissions from electricity will be significantly lower in the next decades. The most optimistic scenario in IEA’s World Energy Outlook foresees over 80% of CO2-free electricity after 2040 (see Figure 25). Some companies are currently working on the design and development of battery-powered aircraft, these are however likely to need more time until entry into service than comparable hybrid-electric aircraft. Wright Electric, a startup company based in Los Angeles, aims at providing zero-emissions short-haul flights with battery-powered aircraft. The company has a partnership with low-cost carrier easyJet [66]. Wright Electric’s design is based on distributed propulsion with a large number of electric fans integrated in the wings, and on batteries that can be easily exchanged during airport turnaround. Wright Electric is targeting an aircraft model that would accommodate 150 passengers and be able to fly up to 290 nm. They announced plans to enter the market by 2035 [67]. Table 4: List of Hybrid-Electric Aircraft Concepts 29PDF Image | Aircraft Technology Roadmap to 2050
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