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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8 3778 1. Introduction The past oil crises have caused dramatic improvements in fuel efficiency in all industrial sectors [1]. Automobiles, buildings, and other sectors invested in highly fuel-efficient systems and brought about energy-saving technological innovations [2]. The aviation sector—aircraft manufacturers and airlines—also made efforts to improve fuel efficiency through more advanced jet engines, high-lift wing designs, and lighter airframe materials [3]. However, it seems that the innovations in energy-saving aircraft technologies did not speed up, even during the oil crisis periods. The first oil shock was in 1973–1974 and the second one in 1978–1980 where periods in which only incremental improvements to aircraft technologies were introduced. The largest improvement in aircraft fuel efficiency was made in the 1960s while the high oil prices in the 1970s and on did not provide manufacturers or airlines with enough incentives to promote a faster rate of innovation [3]. Now with the backdrop of international concern on global warming, in addition to the rising oil prices, airlines are again keen to make energy-saving innovations in both technologies and operations. Most attempts to better explain which factors drove innovations in the aviation sector have been technology-based approaches. Lee et al. [3] and several previous studies revealed that aircraft technologies improved quickly in the 1950s and 1960s (mostly jet engines) but the pace has slowed since the 1970s due to the limits associated with engine and aerodynamic efficiency improvement. An economic explanation is that airlines passed the high fuel costs on to passengers so that the airfares rose during the 1970s and 1980s. The passengers were relatively insensitive to the ticket price because the conveniences of faster travel. As a result, the air travel volume rather increased during that period [4]. This is a very interesting trend since high fares are normally used to curb increasing traffic volume, but air passengers were willing to pay more for a faster mode of travel (and the resulting time savings). Lee [5] also gave a society-driven explanation on why aircraft fuel efficiency improvement lagged that of other engineering systems or even aircraft noise reduction. It was revealed that the social awareness levels concerning the impact of jet engine emissions on climate change or local air quality was not sufficiently high; therefore, the aviation industry did not actively invest in truly innovative energy-saving technologies in aircraft systems. Perhaps the combined reasons above generated the overall trend; therefore, we employ a historical analysis to examine the reasons behind the relatively slow technological innovation in aircraft fuel efficiency. The hypothesis is that the industry had low incentives to innovate in the past while green consumer awareness (green market) is low. As sustainability is now a new megatrend and industry is trying to make it a business strategy, and a future pathway to sustainable aviation will be discussed. 2. Aircraft Performance Improvement Trend This section summarizes the key measures of aircraft performance and their recent trends from Lee et al. [6]. When judging the efficiency of an aircraft system, it is more relevant to consider work in terms of passengers or payload carried per unit distance. Energy intensity (EI) is an appropriate measure when comparing efficiency and environmental impact to other modes [7]. EI consists of twoPDF Image | Analysis of Technological Innovation and Environmental Performance Improvement in Aviation Sector
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