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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8 3779 components: energy use, EU, and load factor, α, as described by Equation (1) where MJ indicates mega joules of fuel energy and RPK stands for revenue passenger-kilometers and ASK for available seat-kilometers. Energy use is energy consumed by the aircraft per seat per unit distance traversed, and is determined by aircraft technology parameters including engine efficiency. EU observed in actual aircraft operations reflects operational inefficiencies, such as ground delays and airborne holding. The fleet average EU is of interest because it is the fleet fuel efficiency that determines the total energy use [6]. Load factor is a measure of how efficiently aircraft seats are filled and aircraft kilometers are utilized to generate revenue. Increasing the load factor leads to improved fuel consumption on a passenger-kilometer basis: EI = MJ = MJ RPK = EU (1) RPK ASK ASK α Figure 1 shows historical trends in EI for the U.S. large commercial fleet. Lee et al. [3] suggest that 57% of the reductions in energy intensity during the period 1959–1995 were due to improvements in engine efficiency, 22% resulted from increases in aerodynamic efficiency, 17% were due to more efficient use of aircraft capacity, and 4% resulted from other changes, such as increased aircraft size [3,8-12]. Year-to-year variations in EI for each aircraft type due to different operating conditions, such as load factor, flight speed, altitude, and routing controlled by different operators, can be ±30%, as represented by the vertical extent of the data symbols. Figure 1. Historical trends in energy intensity of the US large commercial fleets. Individual aircraft EI are based on 1991–1998 operational data with the exception of the B707 and B727, which are based on available operational data prior to 1991. Fleet averages were calculated using a revenue passenger-kilometer (RPK) weighting. Data was not available for the entire US fleet average during 1990 and 1991. Source: Lee et al. [3] modified by the authors. A380 B787PDF Image | Analysis of Technological Innovation and Environmental Performance Improvement in Aviation Sector
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