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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8 3788 All of these activities pertaining to knowledge accumulation and information diffusion will help construct an environmentally conscious market for the aviation sector and eventually give aviation firms a corporate social responsibility to adopt environmental performance improvement as part of their business strategy. 4. A Pathway to Sustainable Aviation In this section, we examine advanced aircraft technologies and alternative fuels and analyze their technical and economic feasibility to achieve air transportation industry’s sustainable growth. 4.1. Alternative Technology Choices for Reduced Energy Use and Environmental Impact The highly energy efficient aircraft, Boeing 787, is expected to use 20% less fuel than its contemporary counterparts. The key technologies include light-weight structures, highly efficient engines, and aerodynamic improvements to the body and wings. As much as 50 percent of the primary structure (including the fuselage and wing) on the B787 will be made of composite materials. The advanced engines for the new airplane are expected to contribute as much as 8 percent of its increased efficiency. According to the Boeing Company [40], it will be possible to eliminate 1,500 aluminum sheets and 40,000 to 50,000 fasteners by manufacturing a one-piece fuselage section, and to attain greatly improved aerodynamic and structural efficiency. Operational measures such as single-engine taxi are exercised actively in order to reduce fuel consumption and environmental impacts from jet engine emissions. Now both aircraft manufacturers and airlines are investing in more aggressive innovations. Future aviation CO2 emission share depends upon energy use and fuel mix of aviation relative to those of other sectors. In the next decade, alternative fuels will be available to reduce aviation’s impact on climate although supplies are limited. Biodiesel and biokerosene have been suggested to be blended with conventional jet fuel; however, MIT research [41] indicated that neither fuel is appropriate for use in aviation. Even in light (i.e., low-concentration) blends, these fuels may compromise safety during storage or during flight, leaving deposits in fuel systems. Tests of biodiesel light blends indicated freezing at typical operating temperatures. Ethanol is not suitable for aviation either. It has a low flash point and has high volatility, making it dangerous to handle and posing a risk to crew and passengers during flight. Moreover, its energy content per unit mass and per unit volume is approximately 40 percent less than that of jet fuel; therefore, flight range would be reduced and the amount of energy used to fly a given distance would increase relative to Jet A. These issues are not present when ethanol is used in ground-transportation applications [42]. The alternative aviation fuels that have the greatest production potential and environmental benefits over the next decade are as follows: (1) Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetic fuel produced from coal, a combination of coal and biomass, or natural gas; and (2) Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet (HRJ) fuel produced by hydroprocessing renewable oils. All three are or can easily and inexpensively be made fully compatible with current aircraft and fuel-delivery systems [41]. The prospects for FT jet fuels depend crucially on the construction of pilot plants in the next few years while production of commercial quantities of HRJ depends on the availability of appropriate feedstocks at competitive prices. For HRJ to be effective in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, itPDF Image | Analysis of Technological Innovation and Environmental Performance Improvement in Aviation Sector
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