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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8 3792 The long leadtime in product development and fleet turnover, as well as the high costs associated with radical technological breakthroughs were also major barriers. Accompanying this trend was the passengers’ willingness to pay higher fares as a result of increased income and the convenience of air travel. While aircraft manufactures and airlines are now increasingly more conscious of global climate change due to jet engine emissions, scientific knowledge and public awareness about the impacts of aviation emissions on the global atmosphere are still low. This is the key difference from the case of aircraft noise reduction, where strong public demand supported by scientific evidence of health damage caused by aircraft noise and subsequent government regulation to limit the operation of noisy aircraft have led to large reductions in noise around airports. Therefore, to expedite environmentally conscious innovations for sustainable air transportation sector, increased amounts of knowledge and information should flow between aviation industries and societal constituents, such as citizens, governments, and civilian organizations. Based on the analysis of various alternatives for sustainable aviation, a meaningful reduction in environmental impact can be achieved through biofuel in the near future. Technological breakthrough will take a long time for development and diffusion, mainly due to cost of development and passenger’s actual willingness to pay more for the environment. Operational change is most near-term, cost-effective option, but it may not achieve a significant option given the fast increase in air travel demand. An optimal pathway to sustainable aviation is possible by building high consensus and high perceived need among stakeholders (i.e., industry, government and passengers). With a high perceived need, it is easier to commit more resources to research and development of sustainable solutions. The joint effort among the major stakeholders could lead to a fast and robust transition in aviation technology. It will be likely that such work will lead to significant infrastructural changes, the costs of which would have to be borne by all players within the transition arena. Acknowledgments This work was supported by National Research Foundation (NRF) grants #2010-0021973 and #B00609 and in part by the Eco-Innovation Project of Ministry of Environment (MOE), Korea. The authors wish to thank anonymous reviewers for their expert comments and up-to-date resources to improve this article. References 1. American Council for Energy Efficient Economy. http://www.aceee.org (accessed on 6 May 2011). 2. Schipper, L.; Meyers, S. Energy Efficiency and Human Activity: Past Trends, Future Prospects; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1992. 3. Lee, J.J.; Lukachko, S.P.; Waitz, I.A.; Schafer, A. Historical and future trends in aircraft performance, cost, and emissions. Ann. Rev. Energy Environ. 2001, 26, 167-200. 4. Schafer, A.; Heywood, J.B.; Jacoby, H.D. Transportation in a Climate-Constrained World; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2009. 5. Lee, J.J. Can we accelerate the improvement of energy efficiency in aircraft systems? Energy Convers. Manag. 2010, 51, 189-196.PDF Image | Analysis of Technological Innovation and Environmental Performance Improvement in Aviation Sector
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