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17 2.2 Electric Propulsion Over the last decade, electric propulsion models have been be continuously researched and optimized to provide the rapidly growing aviation market with ecologically efficient propul- sion systems. The crucial goals of this research have been on reducing the fuel burn, emis- sions and noise. Some examples of the research initiatives are Strategic Research and Innova- tive Agenda (SRIA) by the Advisory Council of Aeronautics Research in Europe and the NASA N+3 goals. The aim of the SRIA is to achieve a 75% improvement in energy efficien- cies by the year 2050 compared to the baseline year of 2000 (ACARE 2012). The electric propulsion can be sub-divided into three main types and they are: • All electric propulsion • Hybrid Propulsion • Turbo-electric propulsion Figure 2.2 All electric propulsion architecture (NAS 2016) The all-electric propulsion system uses the batteries located in the aircraft as the only source of power. It is a simple principle where the chemical energy of the batteries is converted into mechanical energy that drives the motor. The advantages gained with the all-electric propul- sion is that it has almost zero local emissions. It is also known to reduce noise pollution of the aircraft while flying and on ground. However, the mass of fuel that is the battery is very high compared to the Jet fuels. The limitations are mainly due to relatively less energy density and power density. Therefore, they can only power small aircraft efficiently (Aigner 2018). A recent advancement in the all-electric aircraft market was the Airbus E-fan. This aircraft was developed to demonstrate the electric propulsion technology in the aviation market and also cater to the pilot training industry. After identifying the viability in hybrid propulsion, Airbus cancelled the current project and pivoted towards creating the E-Fan X concept in or- der to increase the power output (Rapoport 2017).PDF Image | Comparison of Concepts: Classic Jet Propulsion, Turbo-Electric Propulsion and Turbo-Hydraulic Propulsion
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