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18 Figure 2.3 Hybrid electric propulsion architecture (NAS 2016) Unlike the all-electric propulsion system, the hybrid electric propulsion concept derives ener- gy from two sources, the Gas turbine engine (GT) and a battery. In this propulsion system, the energy is distributed optimally during different phases (take-off, climb, cruise, and decent) of the flight. Power density can be a limitation in this propulsion system. The degree of hybridi- zation should be well planned to take into consideration of take-off and climb operating points. The two types of hybridization are hybrid-electric serial and hybrid-electric parallel. In hy- brid- electric parallel model, the electric motor is mounted on the shaft of the GT engine as shown in Figure 2.3. The hybrid-electric serial model the electric motor and GT are decoupled (Gesell 2018). 2.3 Hydraulic Propulsion A hydraulic system can be defined as a system that produces high magnitude of controlled force. This force is produced by pressurizing incompressible liquids as a transmission media. The hydraulic system contains the ability to produce large force using a small force input. The theory behind the production of this large force is derived from Pascal’s law which says that “the pressure in an enclosed fluid is uniform in all directions”. The main applications of hy- draulic systems are industrial machineries, mobile hydraulic equipments, braking systems in automobiles, propulsion system in marine applications and as system components in aviation. In aviation, the hydraulic system is used in landing gear system, braking system and control surfaces. The hydraulic system is used widely due to its high efficiency and the potential to deliver power consistently which the other mechanical drive systems lack of. A typical hy- draulic system consists of pump, reservoir, control valve, movable piston, pressure regulator leak-proof piping (NPTEL 2013).PDF Image | Comparison of Concepts: Classic Jet Propulsion, Turbo-Electric Propulsion and Turbo-Hydraulic Propulsion
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