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nanomaterials Article Cost-Effective Copper–Nickel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Corrosion-Resistant and High-Output Self-Powered Wearable Electronic Systems Kequan Xia 1,† , Zhiwei Xu 1,† , Zhiyuan Zhu 1, Hongze Zhang 2 and Yong Nie 3,* 1 2 3 Received: 1 April 2019; Accepted: 26 April 2019; Published: 5 May 2019 Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China; 21734118@zju.edu.cn (K.X.); xuzw@zju.edu.cn (Z.X.); 0016180@zju.edu.cn (Z.Z.) Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute 524 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210016, China; zhanghongze007@pku.edu.cn School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China * Correspondence: ynie@zju.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-137-3813-7016 † These authors contribute equally to this paper. Abstract: Recent years, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted increased attention from researchers worldwide. Owing to their conductivity and triboelectric characteristics, metal materials can be made as both triboelectric materials and conductive electrodes. However, the surface of typical metals (such as copper, aluminum, and iron) is likely to be corroded when the sweat generated by human-body movement drops on the surface of TENGs, as this corrosion is detrimental to the output performance of TENGs. In this work, we proposed a novel corrosion-resistant copper–nickel based TENG (CN-TENG). Copper–nickel alloy conductive tape and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape played the role of the triboelectric materials, and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was utilized as the supporting part. The conductive copper–nickel alloy tape also served as a conductive electrode. The open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (ISC) can arrive at 196.8 V and 6 μA, respectively. Furthermore, peak power density values of 45 μW/cm2 were realized for the CN-TENG. A series of experiments confirmed its corrosion-resistant property. The approximate value of VOC for the fabricated TENG integrated into the shoe reached 1500 V, which is capable of driving at least 172 high-power LEDs in series. The results of this research provide a workable method for supporting corrosion-resistant self-powered wearable electronics. Keywords: triboelectric nanogenerator; copper–nickel; corrosion-resistant; wearable electrics 1. Introduction In recent years, wearable flexible smart electronics have attracted increasing attention due to the advantages, including low weight, convenience, and multi-functionality [1–5]. Moreover, the rapid development of micro/nanofabrication technology has promoted the ultra-miniaturization and super-integration of wearable electronics [6–8]. However, the power source of wearable electronics remains a bottleneck for their development. Traditional power sources (conventional chemical batteries) are typically large and lead to severe environmental pollution [9–11]. Further, with the continuous development of wireless internet and service upgrades, the energy storage capacity of the traditional batteries that have been used for portable electronics has become inadequate [12–16]. In previous work, some vibration energy harvesters based on piezoelectric and electromagnetic effects are used as considered promising power supply sources for micro-devices, such as Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 700; doi:10.3390/nano9050700 www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterialsPDF Image | Cost-Effective Copper–Nickel Triboelectric Nanogenerator High-Output Self-Powered Wearable Electronic Systems
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