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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 700 2 of 12 the tunable multi-frequency vibration energy harvester [17], the structural damping and the electromechanical coupling [18], and the two-degree-of-freedom hybrid piezoelectric–electromagnetic energy harvester [19]. Electromagnetic vibration energy harvesters are widely used due to their small size and adaptability in various harsh environments. However, converting the human-body movement mechanical energy is difficult for previous energy harvesters [20]. Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters suffer from broad environmental vibration bandwidth and high levels of randomness. Therefore, the harvester and conversion efficiency of these harvesters will decrease significantly [21–23]. In 2012, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were first proposed as an effective energy harvester of various mechanical motions, including mechanical vibration, human movement, raindrops, and air/water flow [24–30]. TENGs are new types of energy harvesters that are lightweight and flexible with high output performance [31–35]. They are also referred to as green batteries, as they generate less pollution than traditional batteries, such as lead–acid and Ni–Cd batteries [36,37]. Previous works have proposed TENGs that are based on vertical separation, which are defined as the dielectric-to-dielectric TENGs in vertical separation mode [38]. Subsequently, a new approach to prepare TENGs without the depositing metal electrodes are proposed and defined as the conductor-to-dielectric TENG in vertical separation mode [39]. However, the conductor-to-dielectric triboelectric mode requires electronic conductivity for one of a triboelectric pair. Thus, various metal materials including copper, aluminum, and iron [40–42] have been used for the fabrication of the conductor-to-dielectric TENG. It is obvious that the characteristics of the triboelectric materials’ surface are crucial for the electrical output of TENG, especially considering that the surface of metal materials becomes corroded when the sweat generated by human-body movement drops on the surface of TENGs. This corrosion may also be detrimental to the electronic output performance. Thus, a corrosion-resistant metal material is essential for wearable TENGs. Li et al. have recently proposed a humidity-resisting triboelectric nanogenerator that can provide stable output performance in high humidity environments. However, it is not based on a metal triboelectric material, and the output power density is relatively low, which greatly limits its application. However, roughening triboelectric surfaces can be used as a practical method to increase the electrical output of TENG. Therefore, it is urgent to propose a cost-effective, corrosion-resistant, conductor-to-dielectric TENG with high output performance. In this paper, we firstly developed a novel copper–nickel-based TENG (CN-TENG) composed of conductive copper–nickel alloy tape and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was utilized as the supporting structure. The copper–nickel alloy tape plays the role of the triboelectric pair and as conductive electrodes, due to its strong ability to lose electrons and its excellent electrical conductivity. Simultaneously, the rough surface of the copper–nickel alloy enables high output performance without additional surface roughening treatment, which significantly reduces processing costs and increases the output compared with other conductive metal, such as conductive copper, for example. Furthermore, the results obtained from a series of experiments revealed that the conductive copper–nickel alloy enabled the corrosion-resistant property of the proposed CN-TENG. The materials used for the TENG fabrication, including the alloy tape, PTFE tape, PMMA, and copper foil, are all common commodities in our daily life. The open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (ISC) can arrive at 196.8 V and 6 μA, respectively, and peak power density values of 45 μW/cm2 were realized for the CN-TENG. The experimental results revealed that the approximate value of VOC of the fabricated CN-TENG integrated into the shoe reaches a maximum value of 1500 V, which is capable of driving at least 172 high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in series. 2. Materials and Methods The preparation process of CN-TENG is shown in Figure 1a. As demonstrated in Figure 1(a1), a piece of 3 cm × 6 cm transparent PMMA is used as a substrate. Subsequently, two pieces of 2 cm × 3 cm conductive copper–nickel alloy tape are attached on a PMMA substrate (see Figure 1(a2)). Then, the PTFE tape is applied to the surface of the copper foil, as illustrated in Figure 1(a3). Afterward,PDF Image | Cost-Effective Copper–Nickel Triboelectric Nanogenerator High-Output Self-Powered Wearable Electronic Systems
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