Cost-Effective Copper–Nickel Triboelectric Nanogenerator High-Output Self-Powered Wearable Electronic Systems

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Cost-Effective Copper–Nickel Triboelectric Nanogenerator High-Output Self-Powered Wearable Electronic Systems ( cost-effective-copper–nickel-triboelectric-nanogenerator-hig )

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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 700 6 of 12 Nanomaterials 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 13 Figure 4. Characterization of a CN-TENG output with different unit numbers. The approximate Figure 4. Characterization of a CN-TENG output with different unit numbers. The approximate ISC ISC value of the CN-TENG with (a) two units, (b) three units, and (c) four units. (d) Comparison of value of the CN-TENG with (a) two units, (b) three units, and (c) four units. (d) Comparison of Nanomaterials 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 13 output performance. output performance. We compared the charging ability of CN-TENG and conventional TENG (based on conductive copper) by charging a 1-nF capacitor through a full-wave rectifier bridge. As illustrated in Figure 5a, at the peak value of the capacitor voltage (i.e., 21 V), 21 nC of charge was transferred for CN-TENG. However, for conventional TENG, only 13 nC of charge was transferred (see Figure 5b). The relatively high charge transfer (21 nC) is attributed to the rough surface of the conductive copper– nickel alloy tape, which produces more induced triboelectric charges due to the increased contact area. Moreover, the fabricated CN-TENG was tested by using a vibration platform, and the results revealed that the output voltage of the TENG stays stable even after 5000 cycles, as shown in Figure 5c. Figure 5. (a) The voltage curve of a 1-nF capacitor connected to the TENGs through a full-wave rectifier Figure 5. (a) The voltage curve of a 1-nF capacitor connected to the TENGs through a full-wave bridge, and (b) conductive copper tape, respectively, which serve as the triboelectric pairs. (c) The rectifier bridge, and (b) conductive copper tape, respectively, which serve as the triboelectric pairs. reliability of the prepared TENG was verified via 5000 cycles of continuous operation. (c) The reliability of the prepared TENG was verified via 5000 cycles of continuous operation. Regarding wearable electronics, the corrosion resistance of the device has a significant influence on the electrical output. This investigation is important, as humans will sweat profusely during exercise activities. Therefore, the electrical output performance and the conventional copper TENG subjected to a corrosive environment was compared. In detail, both devices were immersed in a sodium chloride solution (mass fraction: 5%, 15%, and 25%) for 10 h, followed by subsequent exposure to air for 2 h. Afterward, the output performance was measured. Figure 6 shows the electrical measurement of copper TENGs treated with different concentrations of sodium chloride solution. Approximate VOC values of 150 V, 101 V, and 70 V; ISC

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