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260 The main goal of the present work is to investigate Friction 3(4): 259–265 (2015) Table 1 Mechanical properties of PEEK composite and AISI 304 the impact of the ambient temperature and refrigerant stainless steel. atmospheres on the tribological behavior of a wear- Young Material modulus resistant, solid-lubricated PEEK composite. Thus, a (GPa) harsh cylinder-on-disc configuration and reciprocating movement were chosen as test conditions. White light interferometry, optical imaging, and Raman spectroscopy provide further insights into possible interactions between polymer composites and their test environments. 2 Materials and methods A commercially available 10% PTFE, 10% graphite, and 10% carbon fiber (CF)-filled PEEK composite was selected for its superior self-lubrication and wear characteristics [11]. The material was provided as an 11-mm-thick injection-molded plate, which was machined into 8 mm rods and then sliced into cylinders of 4 mm height. Discs (30 mm in diameter) of AISI 304 stainless steel were chosen as the counter body material. Table1 presents the nominal mechanical properties of the selected materials. The tribological behavior of the PEEK/AISI 304 stainless steel pair was investigated as a function of ambient temperature (30 °C and 80 °C) and atmosphere (atmospheric air and tetrafluoroethane). The surface of the AISI 304 stainless steel discs was prepared by sanding with 600- and 1000-mesh abrasive sand paper, followed by polishing with a 1 μm-diameter diamond abrasive. After this surface finishing step, the discs were subjected to ultrasonic cleaning in ethanol for 15 min. A white-light interferometer (Zygo New View 7200) was used to evaluate the resulting topography. A Gaussian filter (800 μm) was applied during surface roughness analysis to remove waviness from the sample surfaces. Dry tribological tests were conducted in a servo hydraulic AMTI tribometer equipped with a hermetic chamber, a heating system, a 2-channel load cell, and closed-loop actuator controls (load and displacement). This apparatus was configured in a cylinder-on-plate mode (Fig. 1) with linear reciprocating movement under a constant normal load of 175 N. Each test was performed for 2 h at a frequency of 2 Hz and a stroke of 10 mm. Before the initiation of each tribological test PEEK 11 AISI 304 193 Poisson coefficient 0.40 0.29 Hardness (MPa) – 1265 Tensile strength at yield (MPa) 150 215 Cylinder-on-plate normal force. Green arrows indicate the sliding movement of PEEK cylinders. under the tetrafluoroethane atmosphere, the refrigerant gas was purged three times using a mechanical vacuum pump to eliminate atmospheric contaminants. The polymer wear rates were calculated using geometric wear volume measurements obtained from white-light interferometry. The results were constructed from an average of at least three tests under each condition. The wear tracks were analyzed using white- light interferometry, optical microscopy (Olympus BX60), and Raman spectroscopy (Renishaw 2000, equipped with a 514 nm argon laser) to obtain further information regarding wear mechanisms and tribo- layer formation. 3 Results and discussion Figure 2 presents typical axonometric projections from virgin and worn polymeric cylinders. The geometric data show that the fiber-reinforced composites did not undergo long-range plastic deformation during the sliding test. Therefore, the enlargement of the apparent contact area in the worn cylinders (Fig. 2(b)) is attributed exclusively to material removal, i.e., volumetric wear. Moreover, because of the contact area enlargement, the initial maximum Hertzian pressure of 210 MPa dropped to nominal pressures of approximately 40 MPa. Fig. 1 configuration. Red arrow indicatesPDF Image | Effect of temperature and atmosphere on the tribological behavior of a polyether ether ketone composite
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