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2. GAS TURBINE BACKGROUND Gas, or combustion, turbines were originally developed in the 18th century. The first patent for a combustion turbine was issued to England’s John Barber in 1791. Patents for modern versions of combustion turbines were awarded in the late nineteenth century to Franz Stolze and Charles Curtis, however early versions of gas turbines were all impractical because the power necessary to operate the compressors outweighed the amount of power generated by the turbine. To achieve positive efficiencies, engineers would have to increase combustion and inlet temperatures beyond the maximum allowable turbine material temperatures of the day. It was not until the middle of this century that gas turbines evolved into practical machines, primarily as jet engines. Although some prototype combustion turbine units were designed, the developments that led to their practical use were a result of World War II military programs. The race for jet engines was spurred by World War II and therefore included enormous government subsidization of initial R&D. The gas turbines for power generation were to emerge later from these military advances in technology. Germany’s Junkers and Great Britain’s Rolls- Royce were the only companies successful enough to enter general production with their engines during the war.2 Technology transfers began to take place as early as 1941, when Great Britain began working with the US on turbine engines. Engineering drawings were shared between England’s Power Jets Ltd. and America’s GE Company during this period. American companies such as GE and Westinghouse began development of gas turbines for land, sea and air use which would not prove deployable until the end of the war. Other companies which were to emerge later in the combustion turbine market, such as Solar Turbines (the “Solar” refers only to the name of the company, not the source of energy) also emerged during the war by fabricating high- temperature materials, such as steel for airplane engine exhaust manifolds. The knowledge gained by manufacturers during this time would help them manufacture other gas turbine products in the post war period. After World War II, gas turbine R&D was spurred in some areas and stunted in others. In an example of R&D expansion, the transfer of detailed turbine plans from Rolls-Royce to Pratt & Whitney was made as a repayment to the US for its assistance to Great Britain under the Lend- Lease agreement.3, 4 This allowed Pratt & Whitney, previously specialists in reciprocating engines, to emerge as a strong developer of combustion turbines. In contrast, German and Japanese companies were expressly barred from manufacturing gas turbines. These companies were able to emerge later. For example, Siemens began recruiting engineers and designers from the jet engine industry as soon as it was allowed, beginning in 1952.5 2 William W. Bathie, Fundamentals of Gas Turbines, 2nd Ed. p. 7 3 The Lend Lease Agreement was an agreement between Great Britain and the United States. It was a means by which the US could circumvent previous isolationist/neutrality legislation that barred its transfer of military goods to other nations. 4 William W. Bathie, Fundamentals of Gas Turbines, 2nd Ed. p. 10 5 W J Watson, “The ‘Success’ of the Combined Cycle Gas Turbine” Opportunities and Advances in International Power Generation, University of Durham Conference Publication, March 18-20, 1996, London: Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1996. p 88. 4PDF Image | Energy RD Performance: Gas Turbine Case Study
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