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Most developments in the 1950s and 1960s were geared towards gas turbines for aircraft use. R&D received a boost when turbofan engines were employed by commercial aircraft as well as for military use. For example, GE and Pratt & Whitney engines were used in early Boeing and Douglas commercial planes. This advance of combustion turbines into the commercial aviation market, and in some cases the boat propulsion market, allowed manufacturers to sustain their development efforts even though entrance into the baseload electric power generation market was not yet even on the horizon. Gas turbines also began to emerge slowly in the peaking power generation market. Westinghouse and GE both began to form power generation design groups independent of their aircraft engine designers. Westinghouse would later exit the jet engine business in 1960 while keeping its stationary gas turbine division. Among US turbine manufacturers, only GE was especially able to transfer knowledge between its ongoing aircraft engine and power generation turbine businesses. The early 1960s saw the beginning of gas turbine “packages” for power generation. This occurred when GE and Westinghouse engineers were able to standardize (within their own companies) designs for gas turbines. This technology marketing innovation took place for two main reasons. First, in order to win over customers from traditional steam turbine or reciprocating engine equipment, manufacturers found that they were more successful if they offered fully-assembled packages, which included turbines, compressors, generators, and auxiliary equipment. Second, this standardization allowed for multiple sales with little redesign for each order, easing the engineering burden and lowering the costs of gas turbines. The 1960’s also marked the introduction of cooling technologies to gas turbines. This advance was the single most important breakthrough in gas turbine development since their practical advent during World War II. The cooling involved the circulation of fluids through and around turbine blades and vanes. These cooling advances were originally part of the military turbojet R&D program, but began to diffuse into the power generation turbine programs about five years later. Advances in cooling, along with continuing improvements in turbine materials, allowed manufacturers to increase their firing and rotor inlet temperatures and therefore improve efficiencies. Although manufacturers were making great technological strides in gas turbine development, it was not until the Great Northeast Blackout of 1965 that the US utility market truly awoke to need for additional peaking generation capacity. This peaking is exactly what gas turbines were good for; their fast startup times would allow generators to match periods of high demand. Even though simple-cycle gas turbines of the day had dismal efficiencies (only about 25%) compared to those of coal-fired plants, their ability to handle peak loads led to an increase in demand and renewed R&D from manufacturers. The combustion turbine capabilities of US utilities rose dramatically in the late 1960s and early 1970s in response to this trend. 5PDF Image | Energy RD Performance: Gas Turbine Case Study
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