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of 72.8 percent (LHV basis.) The low pressure steam can extract the exhaust energy down to a HRSG stack temperature of 275 °F; for the high (900 psig) steam requirement, energy can only be extracted down to a HRSG stack temperature of 380 °F.49 Overall CHP efficiency generally remains high under part load conditions because the lower efficiencies of electric generation at part load create more heat available for recovery steam making. The same low pressure steam system described above has an overall efficiency at 50 percent output that is virtually unchanged from full load operation even though the generation efficiency has dropped from 32.8 percent to 24.8 percent (LHV basis.) However, at 50 percent load the power to heat ratio has dropped from the full load value of 0.70 to 0.46 indicating that a much higher share of the total energy recovered is in the form of heat. Gas turbines operate with a high degree of excess air compared to the stoichiometric ratio50 required for combustion of the input fuel. Turbine exhaust is typically about 15 percent oxygen. Since very little of the available oxygen in the turbine air flow is used in the combustion process, the oxygen content in the gas turbine exhaust permits supplementary fuel firing ahead of the HRSG to increase steam production relative to an unfired unit. Supplementary firing can raise the exhaust gas temperature entering the HRSG up to a maximum of 2,800°F and increase the amount of steam produced by the unit by more than a factor of four. Moreover, since the turbine exhaust gas is essentially preheated combustion air, the fuel consumed in supplementary firing is less than that required for a stand-alone boiler providing the same increment in steam generation. The HHV efficiency of incremental steam production from supplementary firing above that of an unfired HRSG is often 85 percent or more when firing natural gas. Supplementary firing also increases system flexibility. Unfired HRSGs are typically convective heat exchangers that respond solely to exhaust conditions of the gas turbine and do not easily allow for steam flow control. Supplementary firing capability provides the ability to control steam production, within the capability of the burner system, independent of the normal gas turbine operating mode. Low NOx duct burners with guaranteed emissions levels as low as 0.08 lb NOx/MMBtu can be specified to minimize the NOx contribution of supplemental firing. 3.4.3 Part-Load Performance When less than full power is required from a gas turbine, the output is reduced by lowering the turbine inlet temperature. In addition to reducing power, this change in operating conditions also reduces efficiency. Figure 3-4 shows a typical part-load derate curve. Emissions are generally increased at part load conditions, especially at half load and below. 49 Vendor supplied performance data. 50 The stoichiometric ratio refers to the amount of one reactant necessary to completely react with other reactant, without having any input leftover once the reaction has completed. Catalog of CHP Technologies 3–9 Combustion TubinesPDF Image | EPA CHP Technologies Combustion Turbines
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